FORMER SECRETARY GENERAL of the United Nations Boutros Boutros-Ghali has died.

The Egyptian politician and diplomat was 93 years old.

Boutros-Ghali died today at a Cairo hospital, Egypt’s state news agency said. He had been admitted to the hospital after suffering a broken pelvis, the Al-Ahram newspaper reported last Thursday.

His death was announced by the UN Security Council this afternoon. Boutros-Ghali had served as the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1992 until 1996.

Venezuela’s UN Ambassador Rafael Ramirez, the current council president, made the announcement at the start of a meeting on Yemen’s humanitarian crisis today and asked members to rise for a moment of silence.

The 15 council members stood in silent tribute.

President Michael D Higgins said that he learned with sadness of Boutros-Ghali’s death.

As Secretary-General of the United Nations, Dr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali was called upon to address many issues of principle in international policy. He was both an advocate and supporter of strong multilateralism, for which he often had to garner support.

Those who worked in the human rights community at an international level were aware of both his scholarship and the skill that he brought to the resolution of many points of tension. Those who had come to know him, even for a brief period, in any one of those events were impressed by his great courtesy and the hope that he retained for world peace, and indeed the emergence of peace in his own region, and in the country he had loved and served, Egypt.

World changes

Boutros-Ghali, the scion of a prominent Egyptian Christian political family, was the first UN chief from the African continent. He stepped into the post in 1992 at a time of dramatic world changes, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the end of the Cold War and the beginning of a unipolar era dominated by the United States.

But after four years of frictions with the Clinton administration, the United States blocked his renewal in the post in 1996, making him the only UN secretary-general to serve a single term. He was replaced by Ghanaian Kofi Annan.

His five years in the United Nations remain controversial. Some see him as seeking to establish the UN’s independence from the world superpower, the United States. Others blame him for misjudgments in the failures to prevent genocides in Africa and the Balkans and mismanagement of reform in the world body.

Farewell speech

AP AP

In his farewell speech to the UN, Boutros-Ghali said he had thought when he took the post that the time was right for the United Nations to play an effective role in a world no longer divided into warring Cold War camps.

“But the middle years of this half decade were deeply troubled,” he said. “Disillusion set in.”

In a 2005 interview with The Associated Press, Boutros-Ghali called the 1994 massacre in Rwanda — in which half a million Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed in 100 days — “my worst failure at the United Nations”.

But he blamed the United States, Britain, France and Belgium for paralysing action by setting impossible conditions for intervention. Then-US President Bill Clinton and other world leaders were opposed to taking strong action to beef up UN peacekeepers in the tiny Central African nation or intervening to stop the massacres.

“The concept of peacekeeping was turned on its head and worsened by the serious gap between mandates and resources,” he told AP.

Boutros-Ghali also came under fire for the July 1995 Serb slaughter of 8,000 Muslims in the UN-declared “safe zone” of Srebrenica in eastern Bosnia just before the end of the war.

In 1999, families of the victims listed Boutros-Ghali as one of the international officials they wanted to sue for responsibility in the deaths.

AP AP

Oil and Iraq

His legacy was also stained in investigations into corruption in the UN oil-for-food program for Iraq, which he played a large role in creating. Three suspects in the probe were linked to Boutros-Ghali either by family relationship or friendship.

Boutros-Ghali frequently took vocal stances that angered the Clinton administration — such as his strong criticism of Israel after the 1996 shelling of UN camp in Lebanon that killed some 100 refugees.

In writings after leaving the UN, he accused Washington of using the world body for its own political purposes and said US officials often tried to directly control his actions.

He wrote in his 1999 book Unvanquished that he “mistakenly assumed that the great powers, especially the United States, also trained their representatives in diplomacy and accepted the value of it. But the Roman Empire had no need for diplomacy. Neither does the United States.”

His opponents, in turn, accused him of being too sluggish in pushing UN reforms. Boutros-Ghali blamed slowness in reform on the lack of money and pointed out that the United States was $1.4 billion in arrears on payments.

Noted for his dignified bearing and Old World style, Boutros-Ghali was the son of one of Egypt’s most important Coptic Christian families. His grandfather, Boutros Ghali Pasha, was Egypt’s prime minister from 1908 to 1910.

Israel

Born November 14, 1922, Boutros-Ghali studied in Cairo and Paris and became an academic, specialised in international law.

In 1977, then-Egyptian President Anwar Sadat named him minister of state without portfolio, shortly before Sadat’s landmark visit to Israel to launch peace negotiations.

Sadat’s rapprochement with Israel brought harsh criticism from across Egypt’s political spectrum. His foreign minister, Ismail Fahmi, resigned in protest at normalisation with Israel. So Sadat turned to Boutros-Ghali, naming him acting foreign minister and minister of state for foreign affairs.

Boutros-Ghali played a major role in subsequent negotiations that produced the Camp David peace framework agreements in September 1978 and the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty in March 1979, the first such between an Arab state and Israel.

Israelis considered Boutros-Ghali a hawkish negotiator. But he also staunchly defended Egypt’s peace efforts against fierce Arab opposition. At one African summit, he sharply retorted to Algerian criticism, saying, “Algeria wants to fight Israel to the last Egyptian soldier.”

President Hosni Mubarak, who succeeded Sadat in October 1981, kept Boutros-Ghali in the same post. But Boutros-Ghlai was never promoted to the post of foreign minister because it was considered too controversial to have a Christian in the key post of a Muslim majority country.

After leaving the United Nations, Boutros-Ghali served from 1998 to 2002 as secretary-general of La Francophonie — a grouping of French-speaking nations. In 2004, he was named the president of Egypt’s new human rights council, a body created by Mubarak amid US pressure on Arab nations to adopt political and democratic reforms.

He was married to Lea, an Egyptian Jew. They have no children.