TO UNDERSTAND WHAT made boxing legend Muhammad Ali tick, it helps to look at the history of his hometown Louisville and the roiling social turmoil of his childhood in the segregated US south.
Ali, who was born in 1942, came of age in the 1950s.
Dwight Eisenhower was the president. And young Cassius Clay lived at 3302 Grand Avenue in the Kentucky city.
It was a middle class part of town, with lawyers and doctors living among the regular working folks. It was also a mainly black neighbourhood.
Family life
The Clay house was a modest one. The family was quite proud of a fish pond they had in the backyard.
The future three-time heavyweight champion of the world shared a bedroom with his younger brother, Rudolph Valentino Clay. Their parents slept in the only other bedroom in the house.
Ali’s father, a sign painter, was known for his artistic abilities. His mother was loving and showed it, neighbours say.
Cassius and Rudy Clay were raised in the Baptist faith. Only later would they be known as Muhammad and Rahman Ali.
The brothers were best friends, loved eating ice cream, and were noticed in their all-black school for being bigger than the other kids.
Racial segregation was a fact of life for the pair, but at their young age, they learned to adapt.
“Black people were not equal to white people in those days,” Rahman Ali, now 72, told AFP. “We mixed with our own kind. That’s how things were at that time.”
In the middle of the 20th century, the economy in Louisville — the largest city in the southern US state of Kentucky, the home of bourbon — was bouncing back from the difficulties sparked by Prohibition.
‘She shouldn’t sit here’
The place to see and be seen in Louisville was Fourth Street, the liveliest in town, and where the city’s high society went to window shop.
Bars and restaurants on the street were strictly whites only. Black people often crossed the street to the other side to avoid being called “negro” — or worse.
“In some of the stores you couldn’t try on clothes, you couldn’t sit at the lunch counters and eat,” recalled Joanna Smith, one of Ali’s high school classmates.
“If you went to a shop and paid your money, you didn’t try the clothes, you just hoped that they fit you.”
In Louisville, as in many other US cities at the time, black people had to sit in the back of buses and train cars, and drink at separate water fountains labelled “Coloured.”
Smith, a school principal who is now retired, relayed the story of one particularly humiliating day when she was six or seven years old, and was walking up to Fourth Street with her older sister.
“I can remember going to McCrory’s, that was a five-and-dime store. I was so tired, so my sister picked me up and sat me on a stool and somebody said: ‘She shouldn’t sit here.’”
Stolen bike
McCrory’s has since closed its doors. So has Stewart’s Dry Goods, once the city’s largest department store. In the 1950s, its elegant Orchid Tea Room was quite popular. White women had lunch there, in hats and gloves.
Farther south on the street was the Brown Hotel, where former British prime minister David Lloyd George was the first to sign the guest register in 1923. Generations of whites danced under its crystal chandeliers.
In 1928, the Loew’s Theater opened on Fourth Street, with a magnificent multicoloured rococo facade. It, too, was only for whites.
The list goes on. Fontaine Ferry Park, with its skating rink and wooden roller coasters? No black people allowed. The Walgreens drugstore? Same thing.
What must the young Cassius — entering his teens — have been thinking?
We know at least one of his dreams at the time — to own a red Schwinn bicycle.
He eventually got one, but it was stolen soon thereafter. Cassius, disgusted, went to see police. He spoke to officer Joe Martin, promising that he would “whup” the thief.
Martin, who was the head of boxing for the city’s recreation department, urged Cassius to come learn to box at the Columbia Gym.
And such was the start of a storied career.
Cassius started getting up at 5 am to run in Chickasaw Park, the only public park open to black people. He tested his sprinting skills against city buses. Nothing would stop him from being “The Greatest.”
But he was marked by a childhood lived in the shadow of whites.
“Everything good and with authority is white,” Ali once said.
“I want a dip of chocolate and a dip of vanilla, and I bet you a thousand to one, that every time, they put the chocolate on the bottom and the vanilla on the top.”
Sixty-two years after the theft of that red Schwinn, America’s first black president is in the White House. Louisville made peace with its segregationist past.
And black people and white people will come together today to bid farewell to Ali, The Champ for all.
- © AFP 2016.
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