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How the sugar-trafficking food industry paid scientists to tell us fat, not sugar, was the real problem

Researchers, funded by the food industry, overstated the importance of fat and cholesterol, while downplaying studies on sugar, new documents show.

THE SUGAR INDUSTRY began funding research designed to play down sugar’s role in heart disease as early as the 1960s, according to an exposé of newfound documents.

The analysis is based on correspondence between a sugar trade group and researchers at Harvard University, and is the latest example showing how food and beverage makers attempt to shape public understanding of nutrition.

In particular, they did so by pointing the finger at fat.

In 1964, the group now known as the Sugar Association internally discussed a campaign to address “negative attitudes toward sugar” after studies began emerging linking sugar with heart disease, according to documents dug up from public archives.

The following year the group approved “Project 226,” which entailed paying Harvard researchers today’s equivalent of $48,900 for an article reviewing the scientific literature, supplying materials they wanted reviewed, and receiving drafts of the article.

The resulting article published in 1967 concluded there was “no doubt” that reducing cholesterol and saturated fat was the only dietary intervention needed to prevent heart disease.

The researchers overstated the consistency of the literature on fat and cholesterol, while downplaying studies on sugar, according to the analysis.

In a letter to one of the authors, an employee of the sugar industry group wrote:

Let me assure you this is quite what we had in mind and we look forward to its appearance in print.

The sugar industry’s funding and role were not disclosed when the article was published by the New England Journal of Medicine. The journal did not begin requesting author disclosures until 1984.

Mars to snap up chewing gum group PA WIRE PA WIRE

Sugar not fat

In an editorial, New York University professor of nutrition Marion Nestle has noted that for decades following the study, scientists and health officials focused on reducing saturated fat, not sugar, to prevent heart disease.

While scientists are still working to understand links between diet and heart disease, concern has shifted in recent years to sugars, and away from fat, Marion Nestle said.

A committee that advised the federal government on dietary guidelines said the available evidence shows “no appreciable relationship” between the dietary cholesterol and heart disease, although it still recommended limiting saturated fats.

The American Heart Association cites a study published in 2014 in saying that too much added sugar can increase risk of heart disease, though the authors of that study say the biological reasons for the link are not completely understood.

The findings, published last night, are part of an ongoing project by a former dentist, Cristin Kearns, to reveal the sugar industry’s decades-long efforts to counter science linking sugar with negative health effects, including diabetes.

Sugar tax PA WIRE PA WIRE

 

Transparency

The latest work, published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine, is based primarily on 31 pages of correspondence between the sugar group and one of the Harvard researchers who authored the review.

In a statement, the Sugar Association said it “should have exercised greater transparency in all of its research activities,” but that funding disclosures were not the norm when the review was published.

The group also questioned Kearns’ “continued attempts to reframe historical occurrences” to play into the current public sentiment against sugar.

The Sugar Association said it was a “disservice” that industry-funded research in general is considered “tainted.”

Coca-Cola

Companies including Coca-Cola and Kellogg’s, as well as groups for agricultural products like beef and blueberries regularly fund studies that become a part of scientific literature, are cited by other researchers, and are touted in press releases.

Companies say they adhere to scientific standards, and many researchers feel that industry funding is critical to advancing science given the growing competition for government funds.

But critics say such studies are often thinly veiled marketing that undermine efforts to improve public health.

Nestle, a longtime critic of industry funding of science, wrote:

Food company sponsorship, whether or not intentionally manipulative, undermines public trust in nutrition science.

The authors of the analysis note they were unable to interview key actors quoted in the documents because they are no longer alive.

Budget 2016 A can of Coca Cola - note percentage of fat compared to sugar. Nick Ansell / PA Nick Ansell / PA / PA

They also note there is no direct evidence the sugar industry changed the manuscript, and that the documents provide a limited window into the sugar industry group’s activities.

They also said the roles of other industries and nutrition leaders in shaping the discussion about heart disease were not studied.

Nevertheless, they say the documents underscore why policy makers should consider giving less weight to industry-funded studies.

Although funding disclosures are now common practice in the scientific community, the role sponsors play behind the scenes is still not always clear.

Disclosure

In June, the Associated Press reported on a study funded by the sugar industry’s trade group in the US that found children who eat sweets tend to weigh less than those who don’t.

The National Confectioners Association, which touted the findings in a press release, provided feedback to the authors on a draft – even though a disclosure said it had no role in the paper. The association said its suggestions didn’t alter the findings.

The Choice Olympics Gymnastics Simone Biles, US gymnast, poses with her own life-size Special K with Red Berries . AP / Press Association Images AP / Press Association Images / Press Association Images

In November, the AP also reported on emails showing Coca-Cola was instrumental in creating a nonprofit that said its mission was to fight obesity, even though the group publicly said the soda maker had “no input” into its activities.

A document circulated at Coke said the group would counter the “shrill rhetoric” of “public health extremists.”

Coca-Cola subsequently conceded that it had not been transparent, and the group later disbanded.

Read: FactCheck: Do taxes on sugary drinks actually work?

Read: Varadkar says state will fight legal challenges to sugar tax

Read: Britain is bringing in a sugar tax on fizzy drinks 

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67 Comments
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    Mute conor hickey
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    Sep 17th 2013, 10:06 PM

    I’m 100% behind the doctors going on strike.

    They have to be suffering permanent jet lag type effects from those horrendous hours and long shifts.

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    Mute Louise Aíne Ní Fhionnaíogan
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    Sep 17th 2013, 10:41 PM

    100% percent behind the junior doctors. I would personally be scared if I knew that the doctor looking after me was nearing the end of a 36 hour shift. This is not about money. It is about providing safe working conditions for doctors and ensuring patient safety.

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    Mute Hairy lemon
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    Sep 17th 2013, 11:52 PM

    How is the best outcome from this one where doctors will work shifts of 24 hours? I wouldn’t ask my barman to do that… Why is it okay for a doctor?

    Am I missing something here??? :-/

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    Mute Dave
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    Sep 18th 2013, 12:25 AM

    The ideal outcome is implementation of the EWTD. I’m no doctor or IR specialist but given that some say they work shifts of more than 36 hours, that won’t happen overnight. A long strike will do nobody any good.

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    Mute significantrisk
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    Sep 18th 2013, 7:13 AM

    The aim of the current campaign is an *immediate* reduction to a 24 hour maximum, followed by a definite timetable for full compliance with the law (not some fantasyland HSE timeframe). Unfortunately that aspect doesn’t seem to be getting across as clearly.

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    Mute Richard O'Gorman
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    Sep 17th 2013, 10:14 PM

    If the doctors want to strike, let them and if they don’t want to come back to work, replace them. It’s time to get this little financially ruined nation back on its feet.

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    Mute pg
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    Sep 17th 2013, 10:23 PM

    Richard … It’s not about money … It’s about working 100 hours a week.. By being rostered correctly ,it will actually mean less overtime and there less money being paid out !!

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    Mute Ping Pong
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    Sep 17th 2013, 10:25 PM

    Is it a case that they can’t get enough doctors or they just won’t take them on? Genuine question.

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    Mute Tommy C
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    Sep 17th 2013, 10:26 PM

    Replace them with who Richard? They’re being given better pay and conditions in other countries. There won’t be any doctors left at this rate. I’d love to see you on your feet for at least 24 hours dealing with sick people and their families.
    Solidarity with the junior doctors 100%.

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    Mute Joey JoeJoe Shabadoo
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    Sep 17th 2013, 10:34 PM

    Get down off your barstool Richard.

    You must be drunk.

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    Mute Richard O'Gorman
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    Sep 17th 2013, 10:47 PM

    Who’s round is it.

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    Mute Fong Wannapho
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    Sep 17th 2013, 11:34 PM

    Make mine a double.

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    Mute WanderArch
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    Sep 17th 2013, 11:52 PM

    @ Ping Pong, they can’t hire enough.
    For most positions on training schemes (which guarantee a doctors position for the duration of the scheme, usually 2-4 years), there are not enough people applying, never mind getting through the rather cumbersome recruitment campaign.

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    Mute significantrisk
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    Sep 18th 2013, 7:10 AM

    Who’s going to replace us? You?

    Go way with that idiotic drivel – the country can barely hire enough of us to keep the lights on. Doctors don’t want to stay here, or come here, because foolish twaddle like that pervades the way we’re treated.

    If you think you could routinely do the work of two people for shifts measured in planetary rotations, go to medical school and try it out.

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    Mute Dom AcePlazo
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    Sep 18th 2013, 9:38 AM

    All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Mind you don’t stumble and stand on your stethoscope.

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    Mute Dave
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    Sep 18th 2013, 10:33 AM

    Lol, good one : D

    Do you ever play the comedy club or the laughter lounge

    (seriously, i have free tickets to go there)

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    Mute Dom AcePlazo
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    Sep 18th 2013, 11:11 AM

    ‘Always look on the bright side of life’

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    Mute Paul Brophy
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    Sep 17th 2013, 10:50 PM

    Work!

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