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ANOTHER IN-DEPTH REVIEW has found that there is no definitive evidence that water fluoridation has negative health effects.
The review into the existing research conducted by the Health Research Board (HRB) was undertaken at the request of the Department of Health.
The Department asked the HRB to determine “what is the impact, positive or negative, on the systemic health (excluding dental health) of the population for those exposed to artificially fluoridated water between 0.4 and 1.5 parts per million”.
There were two previously-published, highly-regarded systematic reviews on this topic, the York Review in 2000 and the Australian review in 2007.
The HRB review adds to their work by examining all additional internationally peer-reviewed papers on the topic of fluoride and health effects between 2006 and 2014.
The research related to musculoskeletal effects, IQ and neurological manifestations, cancer, cardiovascular disease, kidney disorders, thyroid disease, Down’s syndrome and mortality from any cause.
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Dr Graham Love, Chief Executive at the Health Research Board, says that many studies had an “inappropriate design”.
Having examined the research available, the HRB has found no definitive evidence that community water fluoridation is associated with positive or negative systemic health effects.
“Given the lack of peer-reviewed research and the inappropriate design of many studies to detect a causal relationship, further research would be required to provide definitive proof.”
According to Dr Marie Sutton, lead author of the report at the HRB, research specifically examining the association between community water fluoridation and health effects is scarce.
Most of the studies reviewed are not of a suitable design to prove, or disprove, a link between fluoride consumption and negative health effects.
“Having examined the evidence, and given the lack of studies of appropriate design, further research would be required to establish any link between fluoride and negative health effects.”
The president of the Irish Dental Association, Dr Anne Twomey, welcomed the findings.
“The review found no definitive evidence to link fluoridation to increased bone fractures, reduced IQ, cancer, heart disease, kidney disorders, Down Syndrome or increased mortality from all causes. In relation to an alleged link to bone cancer, it said the literature pointed to “mixed” effects and no link had been proven.”
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If it is true what is stated above ‘has found no definitive evidence that community water fluoridation is associated with positive or negative systemic health effects.’ So don’t do it as it does not help and save tax payer money. There doesn’t even need to be the conspiracy of it causes x or y, it isn’t positive, don’t do it, save money.
They didn’t looks at dental health because its benefits in that regard are already firmly established. They simply found it had not benefits or harmful effects in other areas
It has no detectable, positively or negatively, effects on a persons health, OUTSIDE of the dental benefits for which it is added top our water supply for.
I remember reading years ago about opposing side in the debate about weather or not smoking causes lung cancer, there were plenty of renowned scientist and doctors who didn’t believe it did.
I don’t believe fluoride is doing us any harm but on the other hand there is no longer need for it for dental health, why waste the money on it
Why is there no longer a need for it? The people targeted by public water fluoridation are mainly the people with poor dental hygiene who normally wouldn’t brush or use mouthwash.
Unfortunately there are plenty Thomas – that’s the problem. Most of them come from lower socio-economic demographics, which are among the main sections of society targeted by fluoridation as a public health measure.
George, there is ample proof that fluoridating the water supply is beneficial for dental health, and zero proof that it is harmful at the concentrations used.
Flouride is bad for you we want it taken out of our water one less chemical to digest.We could also save millions by getting rid of it.I trust no one anymore with my health especially when lobbying exists.Its all about money and profit.
There are about 100 Scientific, Medical and Dental organisations (including the World Health Organisation) that have voiced their opinion on Water Fluoridation. ALL OF THEM support it. Only the Tin Foil Hat brigade and of course Sinn Fein, The Scientifically Illiterate People’s Party, oppose it.
The solution for the fluoridation issue is very simple.
SIMPLE SOLUTION:
1. Take the toxic waste fluoride chemical out of the drinking water.
2. It is still legal and available, so those who wish to take it can then put fluoride in their own glass of water (as much as they wish).
3. Leave the rest of us out of it, giving everyone the freedom of choice.
PROBLEM SOLVED.
Defeats the purpose. Fluoridation is for those who are unaware of the need for fluoride, or who are unable to manage it themselves (children from disadvantaged backgrounds etc.)
Making it “optional” will mean missing the very people who fluoridation currently benefits, all because people don’t trust fluoridation, in spite of there being no concrete evidence that it has any harmful effects on health. You are trading the dental health of some for the ideology of others.
Well put Gerard. The anti-Water Fluoridation fruitcakes don’t give a damn about the health of the poor. Which makes Sinn Fein’s position particularly absurd. The party that claims to represent the poor wants their teeth to rot because of their scientific ignorance.
One need not be a scientist to understand that it is immoral to medicate everyone without permission.We should be the ones who should be deciding what we put into our bodies and not the federal government or the local government which is putting fluoride into our water. We should control our own destiny.
Those who desire fluoride are welcome to put it in their own glass of water, as much as they wish. Leave the rest of us out of it.
What doctor would prescribe a drug (fluoride) to someone he has not met and without being able to control the dosage or the side effects?
@James Reeves:
Given that science is an amoral (note I did not say immoral) pursuit, of course one need be a scientist to assess the morality of a course of action. Much in the same way that one need not hold a doctorate in Mathematics to compete in a pole vaulting competition.
Anyway, there are plenty of other instances where people are administered medication for their own good which have higher rates of side effects than the 0 observed for water fluoridation, such as vaccination (where some people experience anything from rashes to allergic reactions, but notably NOT autism).
What federal government is this of which you speak? Are you an American sticking his oar in? Great stuff.
While I agree that government should leave us to decide our own fate as much as possible, water fluoridation is important given the socialised health care system in operation in this country. This means that the general taxpayer as a vested interest in poor dental hygiene not becoming a burden on resources.
To my knowledge, plenty of medical professionals have recommended water fluoridation as an effective public health measure. You are confusing fluoridation with a drug with documented side effects (of which there are none for water fluoridation despite roughly 70 years of it being practised). And the dosage is controlled – it is not some arbitrary amount of the chemical that is added to the water supply, it is a concentration calculated by experts.
Disagreement with a few hand picked studies cannot be called the truth.
The most complete fluoride science is presented in the book by Dr. Paul Connett. It offers the most complete scientific proof of the ineffectiveness and health dangers of fluoride (with two scientists co-authors, one an M.D.).
· “The Case Against Fluoride: How Hazardous Waste Ended Up in Our Drinking Water and the Bad Science and Powerful Politics That Keep It There”
· It contains over 1200 scientific references (over 80 pages), showing that fluoride is ineffective for teeth and causes cancer, thyroid & pineal gland damage, broken hips from brittle bones, lowered IQ in children, kidney disease, arthritis and other serious health problems.
What part of 1200 included scientific references don’t you understand?
The dental journals won’t publish any –not one– article showing the truth about fluoride.
So, a book is necessary to bring the truth to the public.
There are hundreds of thousands of “papers” created every year. They have to to pass peer review to get published in quality scientific journals. If they are rubbish or the poor work of young PhD students they don’t get published (with the very notable exception of the charlatan Wakefield’s paper). It’s the way science works. Let me guess, you’re not a scientist.
We all know how science works and it is great but sometimes makes mistakes.
The science of tobacco, DDT, lead in gasoline, thalidomide, and asbestos were wrong.
Science approved the drug, Vioxx, which resulted in 27,785 heart attacks and sudden cardiac deaths ( FDA data).
Remember when the health professionals advertised, “a pack a day keeps cancer away?”
When science is wrong, scientists later correct it to reflect the truth.
The 70 year old “science” of fluoride is outdated, discredited and wrong.
Scientists in the last 30 years have shown fluoride is ineffective for teeth and dangerous to health.
To see why fluoride is dangerous, Google “Fluoride dangers” and read a few of the over 1,000,000 articles, many by M.D.’s, dentists and medical scientists.
Fluorine is a gas. We are discussing fluoride here.
Arsenic is quite common also, but both it and fluoride are deadly poisons.
The amount we should consume of both poisons is ZERO.
James, nonsense. Science can’t “make mistakes”. There’s no such thing as “The science of tobacco, DDT, lead in gasoline, thalidomide, and asbestos” just as “Science” didn’t believe the Earth was flat.
So “James who the f__k Reeves” the nobody is right and ALL scientific organisations that support WF are wrong or James is a class A twit? Which is the more likely?
Sorry that some turn to ad hominem attacks when they have no evidence to advance the debate. I apologize to Mr. Grogan for putting him in that unfortunate position.
There is still time for him to learn about science. I suggest it.
James, YOU need to learn about Science and how it works. You obviously haven’t a clue. What’s a US citizen posting here for? Did they teach you Science in Military School?
Lower down you said “I’d rather believe Harvard than the HRB.” Now I’m pointing out that Harvard are definitely pro-fluoride. Would you still put your faith in them, or are you going to ditch them now that they’re not on your side?
All nonsense. Fluoride is a added to water to stupefy the masses. The other week I caught two of the Rothschilds, an Illuminati member, and a lizard man in a Freemasons outfit tampering with my water supply in an attempt to add even more fluoride. Stay vigilant people.
Like someone said in a below comment, why is it then, that most European nations opt not to fluoridate their public water systems? … we as a nation and people are being lied to, for centuries. Go Research The ‘Pineal gland’, What It does/Is And what Fluoride to it. Fluoride sedates /weakens people. I’ve experienced it myself
@lobbe
Looked it up and no reputable source agrees with what you are claiming. They actively point out the flawed research claiming the stuff you are claiming.
To be clear anti-fluoride campaigners have been found out to be lying such as claiming to be a doctor when they weren’t.
You will always have people believe stuff without evidence and even with direct proof something is not true. Homeopathy being the most laughable, it doesn’t matter if you put fluoride in the water it will remember anyway
Better to answer this: Why does Ireland have the lowest MCL for fluoride in Europe? The EU (and most of its member states) allow fluoride up to 1.5ppm. Ireland allows a maximum of 0.8ppm (or roughly half that of the EU).
@lobbe
Very sad problem you have. You have the misconception that you have learned a secret making you superior to others. This exactly the same belief people have on evolution. Do you refute that too? You know sheep separate it groups too. You have chosen to dismiss scientific proof that doesn’t make you smarter. Who knows it could all be a big conspiracy but bloody unlikely
Hint: this thread is about controlled water fluoridation (which means the adjusting up or down of the fluoride content), that study was about uncontrolled fluoride contamination of drinking water.
Fluoride is a cumulative toxin, so every little amount you ingest or by topical allocation via showering for example, builds up in the body. Why have nearly every other country in Europe removed it? It’s mass medication.
Mark, in this case the sheep are the people who jump straight onto the anti-fluoride bandwagon without bothering to find out what the actual science says.
So is calcium, you want to cut that out of your diet? Also please stop posting that harvard study. Just because something comes from an institution with a good reputation does not make it good research. You even posted it below one of my comments addressing the various issues with the study
Ciaran most other countries in europe either add it to their salt instead or they already have sufficiently high naturally occurring levels of fluoride.
No other country has “removed it”.
If you had read my previous post, you would know that the rest of Europe allows MORE fluoride in their tap water than we do. They allow nearly twice as much.
I think I’m better than people ???? Jesus …. I’m for the people and will die for my people and country without thinking. It’s like how you said, except it is not unlikely, it is extremely likely and actually true #wakeupsheeple
That’s right, they do. But I can choose to consume it as opposed to not having the choice when it’s added to the water. Also, the type of fluoride that’s put into our water supply is not natural occurring fluoride, it’s a toxic byproduct from the fertiliser industry called hexafluorosilicic acid. Completely different. So, why did these countries, if they already had “sufficiently high naturally occurring levels of fluoride” already, add it to the water then do a complete reverse on it???????
Ciaran, the reason salt is used is that its virtually impossible to go through life without consuming it. You probably have less choice of avoiding salt than you do of avoiding tap water.
So your view is you will ignore reputable scientific findings once you hear a story telling you something outlandish. Any proof of the conspiracy? What is more confusing is it is naturally found in water at higher levels. Are the aliens making it happen naturally?
You haven’t provided any evidence for the belief all we have to go on is your word. Why would anybody trust you? No comment on the same view on evolution? Are these people deluded and what makes you view different? I am not seeing anything different
The point is that they can walk in to a shop and buy fluoridated salt (about 5% of available salts) as a matter of choice. We are the only country in the world where the population is mandated to consume fluoride en masse, without reference to anyone’s individual state of health. Do you not get that?
Mark, the French drink 10 times as much bottled water as we do so there’s no point putting Fluoride in their water. btw bottled water contains Fluoride.
According to Wikipedia, (not always reliable, I know) around 14m people in Europe have their water fluoridated out of a population of 742m. The vast majority of governments have decided not to use it. This makes me wonder are we doing the right thing.
@ Eodghan Leddy. As my dad used to say whenever us kids would protest ‘but all our friends are….’ “if all your friends jumped in front of a train , would you do it?” Point is, the majority are not always going in the right direction!
That is because many other countries have naturally higher levels of background fluoride present in their water and do not need it to be topped up, it just happens to be quite low naturally in Ireland. Some other countries also choose to deliver fluoride in other ways, for instance some place add it to salt instead of water
@eoghan. Lots of European water is naturally fluoridated and therefore the governments don’t add it.
I moved from the north 15 years ago. I’ve experienced no deterioration in health. My children and their friends don’t suffer from strange malaises that their northern family and friends don’t have.
What I do have problems with is the amount of lime and chlorine present in my tap water. The chlorine actually makes my eyes sting. I’d much rather this was dealt with.
Rubbish! No one NEEDS fluoride. It is not an essential nutrient. In fact , there is no definitive proof available that it does anything for reducing dental caries in any population through the medium of systematic ingestion via mass fluoridation schemes. The largest study ever done found only 1/6th of ONE tooth surface difference (out of 128 tooth surfaces in the mouth) between fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities. This is not statistically significant. Oh the other hand 41% of Irish and American children now have fluorosis , a sign of bone toxicity from fluoride.
Eues the children in NI where there is no WF have worse teeth than the South. There are many studies that indicate a substantial benefit THAT’S WHY it’s recommended by ALL scientific, medical and dental organisations who have voiced an opinion on the matter. Your scientifically illiterate opinion is irrelevant. Your 41% comment is rubbish. Many children, especially of the poor, have teeth so bad they need general anaesthetic to remove them. Do you want that figure to increase when you haven’t a clue what you’re talking about? Are you opposed to vaccines as well?
I’ll stick to reviews by bodies like Harvard who dont have a vested interest in medicating the general public who say Flouride should be immediately removed from public drinking systems …U only have to look at the figures for Northern Ireland and the Republic and the vast differences between them for illnesses for comparisons between fluoridated countries and non fluoridated and there is plenty other countries to use as examples.
You mean the harvard study that was based on epidemiological studies rather than randomised controlled trials carried out in countries like China and Iran that have fluoride concentrations over 10 times higher than Ireland or the US and whose results only showed an difference of 0.45 points of IQ an amount that is within the measurement error of the IQ test? That one yeah?
Do you realize that in addition to fluoridating water, why, there are studies underway to fluoridate salt, flour, fruit juices, soup, sugar, milk, ice cream? Ice cream, Mandrake? Children’s ice cream!…You know when fluoridation began?…1946. 1946, Mandrake. How does that coincide with your post-war Commie conspiracy, huh? It’s incredibly obvious, isn’t it? A foreign substance is introduced into our precious bodily fluids without the knowledge of the individual, and certainly without any choice. That’s the way your hard-core Commie works. I first became aware of it, Mandrake, during the physical act of love…Yes, a profound sense of fatigue, a feeling of emptiness followed. Luckily I-I was able to interpret these feelings correctly. Loss of essence. I can assure you it has not recurred, Mandrake. Women, er, women sense my power, and they seek the life essence. I do not avoid women, Mandrake…but I do deny them my essence.
The standard anti-fluoridationist theory is that it’s a cheap means of waste disposal; the chemical industries have figured out a way to get paid for their evil toxic fluoride waste instead of having to pay to dispose of it.
This ignores the problem, of course, that the cost of running a giant campaign of PR and bribery, sufficiently large to corrupt the entire scientific/academic system of the western world, would probably cost about a hundred times more than the few million they get for selling fluoride to water suppliers.
I wish that this review was enough to convince people, but it will probably simply reaffirm the beliefs of those who accept the science of water fluoridation, and be ignored with cries of “conspiracy” by those who believe water fluoridation to be harmful.
The reality is that time after time, study after study has shown that water fluoridation isn’t harmful, and isn’t linked to all of the things that some people claim. You can point to older studies, or studies with poor methodology to support anti-fluoride claims, but these are old, out-dated, debunked, or flawed. Where newer research exists, it’s simply not robust or scientific to keep referring to older papers which have been in some way overruled by newer research.
At the end of the day, those who would have you believe that the above is some sort of conspiratorial gesture on the part of the government are really asking an awful lot of people. Is it really plausible that virtually every dentist, not just in Ireland but world wide, virtually every health organisation, every dental training school, every dental health related body, etc. are in on a vast conspiracy with our government to somehow damage us all with fluoride? Is it plausible that every dentist has somehow forsaken their desire to heal patients so that they can remain part of the giant conspiracy? Is it plausible that companies would pay our government to secretly dispose of “chemical waste” in tiny, carefully measured amounts in our water supply? And is it plausible that, in our postulated world wide conspiracy network, not one of the thousands of people would ever slip up and mention that fluoride is really a big cancer causing, pineal gland calcifying monster? These are big claims, and when people ask you to believe them, they really are asking a lot of you.
Is it plausible that there is a worldwide fluoride conspiracy, or is it really just that fluoride isn’t linked to all of the scaremongering things claimed?
Err… The sodium in salt explodes and releases flammable gas on contact with water. The chlorine in salt will eat out your lungs.
The point is that they are chemically bound and DON’T release.
The science/research has not said that water fluoridation is or is not harmful. What the research shows, as quoted above is that there is insufficient evidence to suggest a positive or negative correlation between fluoridated water consumption and health.
“Most of the studies reviewed are not of a suitable design to prove, or disprove, a link between fluoride consumption and negative health effects.”
That same sentence can be used with the MMR autism cack. There was a thesis presented that that fluoride is harmful and it has not been proven. I’m sure if one of the anti-fluoride theses could actually use the scientific method to support an assertion nobody here would laugh but it seems in each case that proper methodology has not been followed.
I’d contend that when some abuses reason like this it’s for propagandistic reasons and has to be treated as suspicious.
The brainwashing obviously working ! Do people actually realise what is in this Chemifloc poison ? The supplier of this. Everything from Arsenic to Lead. This is not natural fluoride we are talking about !
Plus Mercury is a neurotoxin. Fact ! As I think of some of the distressing health issues I’m experiencing at the moment. People are so easily led in this country.
Absolute garbage of a report. Fluoride calcifies the pineal gland and increases fatigue among other negative effects… don’t believe the lies of the so called “experts” .. go research and please NEVER drink tap water. From my own life experience I regret every bit of tap water I ever consumed.
It does that at excessive concentrations Mark, not at the concentration found in tap water. I’d have thought your ‘research’ would have revealed this basic point to you.
I don’t really care about studies or other peoples fictional believes. But I actually just don’t want it in my water. I want my water to be just that: water! If someone can’t brush his teeth twice a day let him have mouldy teeth.
People who support these farce tests are in the same bracket as Dennis o brien and the gang. They want the public to be as sedated and dumbed down as possible. Fluoride destroys the pineal gland, a vital human organ. Go research like I did.. and you will never touch fluoridated water or products again
How about instead of telling people to “go research” you produce some sources to back up your ludicrous claims. Too much of anything has negative health effects, Calcium, Sodium and yes Flouride the question is whether it is dangerous or beneficial in the quantities at which it is consumed and whether the risks outweigh the benefits. A huge preponderance of studies indicates that the benefits certainly outweigh the risk at typical exposure levels as is shown by this investigation
Breaking news – Research has found that people who don’t drink fluoridated water have a much increased risk of being bizarre nonscientific conspiracy theorists who suspect big government of all sorts of evils – the evidence – idiotic comments like Marks above
Denis O’Brien fluoridated my water! Don’t you see sheeple? It’s why he bought Siteserv in the first place. And FF/FG are in on it too. That’s why he got preferential treatment from Anglo.
Ha your an egotistical bully talk down to me all you like. Much of science world are constantly changing they’re facts and info its all jargon like politics.You can call me an idiot it makes you feel good. But people like you are brainwashed by the system that’s the truth
Mark Lobbe is a clone designed to combine the DNA of Stalin, Hitler and Mao in an attempt to create the most reprehensible human being in history. I don’t have any sources to back it up and will continue to not provide them when challenged. I’m just trying to help people with these facts so my statements must be beyond reproach, anyone who says otherwise is just a down talking smartass. Wake up Sheeple!
Ha call me whatever you want I know what I am saying is the truth forget everything you’ve been told by the corporate systems who own the scientific and educational institutions. My advise is check out ‘unslaved films’ irish YouTube channel, watch the “irish origins” series try to control your ego and also research the pineal gland and why we’re not taught about the power of our glands in school. Stop trying to put me down I’m trying to help you egotistical know it all graduate
9 minutes and 20 seconds in “On the connection between the United Irishmen and the Illuminati”. Thank you mark, my 3rd eye has been opened, no more will toxic fluoride calcify my pineal gland, my soul is free to drift up amongst the pharaohs.
Mark, I know what a pineal gland is. How many times will you ignore the verifiable fact that you are talking rubbish, and assume that others are trying to bamboozle or hoodwink you? You are wrong. That’s it. No amount of paranoid rationalising will change that.
New study published only a few days ago said 135 people die directly from it in Ireland every year and almost nothing is being done. There;’s no disputing these statistics. It’s obvious that the people who make money from Dihydrogen Monoxide related activities are covering this up, hotels, restaurants, airlines and even surf schools.
The studies are irrelevant.It doesn’t need to be in the water as we’ve managed without it through however many years of evolution.We also have fluoride in our toothpaste.
Dental care is the responsibility of the individual and their dentist,not the government.
Ally,
If you have been diagnosed with an under active thyroid, you should follow your GPs instructions especially if you’ve been prescribed medication. If your medical school educated doctor doesn’t mention it, then there’s probably nothing to worry about.
If flouride is linked to an underactive thyroid, it will be proven by a doctor…not discovered in the cesspit which is the comments section of thejournal.ie.
A few years back I helped a college friend with her garden, cutting trees, clearing weeds, mowing grass, etc…a full day’s work. She was very overweight and cooked me dinner. Everything was swimming in butter. She later told me she had an underactive thyroid….yeah right.
Thanks Tom, I most certainly am following specialist orders. Just because your friend has poor diet choices and is overweight doesn’t mean she doesn’t have an underactive thyroid….respectfully.
I’ve got an underactive thyroid (me and tons of others I know!), there are tons of websites claiming water fluoridation is to blame for this. But, I spent years only drinking bottled water and the past 1.5 years drinking tap water, could it work to do this so quickly, if it’s the cause? Does anyone have links to honest to god real reports that water flouridation does cause thyroid disease? If you stop drinking it do the symptoms reverse or not? It’s so hard to know what’s true and what’s complete scaremongery.
Ciaran, the Harvard review was a meta study of prior research, primarily in China. It was subsequently rubbished.
If you’re going to use Google as a research tool, you might want to check it other Google results too.
http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/13103 https://www.litalee.com/documents/Fluoride%20-%20A%20Modern%20Toxic%20Waste.pdf
“Dr. John Yiamouyiannis, unless otherwise documented. Yiamouyiannis has spent years researching the health effects of fluoride toxicity. He founded the Safe Water Foundation, which regularly reports research documenting the harmful effects of fluoride. Fluoride is a cumulative poison that damages the immune system, poisons over 100 enzymes, makes minerals such as calcium and magnesium precipitate and become unavailable, causes premature aging, causes hypothyroidism, increases risk to cancer and bone pathologies such as osteoporosis, and causes seizures in susceptible people. Fluoride also increases the risk for the so-called autoimmune diseases, such as Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and others, and increases the incidence of mongoloidism and crib death (SIDS) in newborns.”
Why the animosity? With the outcome of this review the headline could also justifiably read another review has found that fluoride in drinking water is not safe. This review has stated there were not enough well conducted studies to determine its safety. It’s a giant leap to go from that to categorically stating its safe. If we want to put the argument to bed once and for all then do what the author of the review suggests. Don’t review bad research – conduct good research.Is fluoride in drinking water responsible for the large number of people presenting with thyroid issues? Simple. Answer will be yes or no. seems odd to me that intelligent people that are clearly capable of questioning what they are told by politicians or the church rely on the word of dentists when it comes to neurology or endocrinology who make claims on its safety when Dr Sutton clearly states there is not enough research to draw a proper conclusion. For the record I don’t own a tin foil hat, have my children vaccinated and detest anything that is gluten free. :-)
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Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times an ad is presented to you).
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Information about your activity on this service (such as forms you submit, content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (for example, information from your previous activity on this service and other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (that might include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present advertising that appears more relevant based on your possible interests by this and other entities.
Use profiles to select personalised advertising 85 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects.
Create profiles to personalise content 39 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (for instance, forms you submit, non-advertising content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (such as your previous activity on this service or other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find content that matches your interests.
Use profiles to select personalised content 35 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find (non-advertising) content that matches your interests.
Measure advertising performance 136 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
Measure content performance 61 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources 76 partners can use this purpose
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
Develop and improve services 84 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
Use limited data to select content 37 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
Use precise geolocation data 47 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500 metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 27 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 93 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
Deliver and present advertising and content 100 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
Match and combine data from other data sources 73 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Link different devices 55 partners can use this feature
Always Active
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 91 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Save and communicate privacy choices 69 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.
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