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AN IRISH DOCUMENTARY telling the story of the Italian photographer Letizia Battaglia, who spent her career capturing and chronicling the violence of the Mafia, will open in cinemas tomorrow.
The film, made by the Mayo-based Lunar Pictures and titled Shooting the Mafia, has picked up plenty of acclaim.
Battaglia, who is now 84, became the first female photographer in Italy’s daily press after picking up a camera at the age of 40.
Throughout the 1970s, she covered one of the bloodiest periods of Italy’s modern history as mafia violence escalated.
Producer Niamh Fagan discovered Battaglia’s photos in the Anti-Mafia Museum in Corleone, which inspired her to make a film of her life.
“The building was bedecked with large, stunning photographs depicting the horror, depravity and squalor caused by the Mafia’s reign in Sicily. The photographs captured the quiet pain of ordinary Sicilian people but they also captured their dignity. I couldn’t get those images out of my mind,” says Fagan.
“Eventually I got in touch with Letizia, only to discover that she was a remarkable and inspiring woman. I wanted to tell her story and I felt a documentary was the best way,” she adds.
“I began taking photos when I was 40. It was the start of a love story,” Battaglia says in the film.
The film makers, led by Fagan, want to counter the image of the Mafia played out in films.
Letizia Battaglia
Letizia Battaglia
The film puts Battaglia’s black-and-white photographs alongside rare archive footage and classic Italian films to tell the story of her life.
The wife of one of Falcone's killed bodyguards. Letizia Battaglia
Letizia Battaglia
The film will open in Dublin at the Irish Film Institute and in Cork in the Triskel Arts Centre.
There will also be screenings in select cinemas across the country.
Young men in Palermo in 1977. Letizia Battaglia
Letizia Battaglia
A photo taken in Palermo in 1986. Letizia Battaglia
Letizia Battaglia
A crime scene in 1976. Letizia Battaglia
Letizia Battaglia
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THIS IS SERIOUS BS. I personally knew 5 musicians and know of 4 more who took their own lives in 2020/21. I didn’t hear of, or know any in the years before that.
In this study, they looked at 21 countries and subregions, they found in all cases suicide rates decreased, sometimes by large margins, during the pandemic in 2020. Same as seen here in 2020. So yes, it seems to be a real effect.
A number less than 1 is a decrease i.e. 0.81 is an approx 19% decrease:
New South Wales, Australia (0·81 [95% CI 0·72–0·91]);
Alberta, Canada (0·80 [0·68–0·93]);
British Columbia, Canada (0·76 [0·66–0·87]);
Chile (0·85 [0·78–0·94]);
Leipzig, Germany (0·49 [0·32–0·74]);
Japan (0·94 [0·91–0·96]);
New Zealand (0·79 [0·68–0·91]);
South Korea (0·94 [0·92–0·97]);
California, USA (0·90 [0·85–0·95]);
Illinois (Cook County), USA (0·79 [0·67–0·93]);
Texas (four counties), USA (0·82 [0·68–0·98]); and
Ecuador (0·74 [0·67–0·82]).
Pirkis, J., John, A., et al. 2021. Suicide trends in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: an interrupted time-series analysis of preliminary data from 21 countries. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8, 579–588, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00091-2.
A decreased in suicide rates during wartime was first noted by the famed French sociologist Émile Durkheim 1897.
He proposed that wartime increased social cohesion and that protects against suicide. It is possible that the pandemic was similar, a threat that affected all of us that increased social cohesion.
“Durkheim (1897) noted that suicide rates declined during wars, both in men and women.
Rqjcewicz (1971) claimed that this was also true for more recent wars and that the decline was found in nations participating in the war and those who did not participate. The decline in women and in nations not participating in the war made it unlikely that the decline in suicide rates dining war was due to official undercounting or to men committing suicide in such a way that they were recorded as war casualties rather than suicides. Rojcewicz (1971) concluded that the most likely explanation tor lower suicide rates during wartime was that provided by Durkheim who argued that war increases the level of social integration within societies, and that this higher level of social integration results in a reduction in the suicide rale”
Lester, D., 1994. Suicide rates before, during and after the world wars. European Psychiatry, 9(5), pp.262-264.
@Shane McGrath: while I’m sorry for your loss, any number of suicides is terrible and tragic, but you can’t argue against data.
Anecdotal evidence can’t be used against empirical data.
A man that wins the lotto must think that everyone wins it because he did, obviously this is not the case.
I think this data points at something much worse than lockdowns being bad, it means that ordinary day to day life before covid was terrible for a lot of people, perhaps worse than lockdowns and as a society we need to do better for those people.
@Shane McGrath: Apologies, I did not mean to post my response to your post. I refreshed my browser and wrongly thought I was posting an isolated comment.
@Shane McGrath: the people’s who claim to know if all don’t know s**t, false claims by them all. We all know somebody or am that person that was on the brink of taking their own life…… Not only the pandemic to blame but if didn’t Help and we were all forgotten about due to covid. I just beg for everyone to be strong as I was and make it through and believe in themselves and all stand together and support each other and be stronger than our government that forgot and let us all down.
@Shane McGrath: by your argument, seeing as I knew no one who has taken their own lives during the pandemic, but knew several who did before it started, it would actually be considered a boost for mental health. Which is a ridiculous argument BTW. Mental health in this country has been an issue for years, long before any pandemic.
@Shane McGrath: its not BS, its proper analysis. It may not align with your experience but that doesn’t mean its BS. Our own experiences don’t equal universal reality.
Bold statement, Sure how do they know after it’s too late, of course it is. Isolation especially amongst musicians or people who depend on nightlife for a living also the unvaccinated who are not allowed socialise.
@Ciaran O ‘Reilly: because the cause of death is recorded on the death certificate as died by suicide. Then they count the number of death certs for that year. And as there has been no significant jump in the rate of suicide they can come to the conclusion that it has not caused more suicides. For some people perhaps it was the final push but unfortunately they would more than likely have been included in those figures at some point. If it wasn’t covid it would be something else to break the camels back. Suicide is a complex problem and there are lots of contributing factors.
@Ciaran O ‘Reilly: I would also say the lack of mental health and addiction services, continued stigma about mental health especially for men are far bigger contributing factors.
But is there evidence to the contrary? There is not a quota of suicides per year that anything above can be attributed to the pandemic. This will be very easy to deny and will be almost impossible to prove, at best it will be a reasonable assumption.
@Neil Neart: I’m off to sleep now but if you intend to reply, first read the article yourself and try to interpret my comment in light of what you read in the article, and then tell me if there is any evidence that I have missed that definitively supports the theory that the pandemic has not contributed to suicides or that there is a quota of suicides per year, more than just a historical rates or rates similar to other high income countries, these are individuals, not statistics.
@The Divils Avocado: I don’t believe anyone is specifically stating that the pandemic has not contributed to suicides, as you state. What the data does (do?) tell us is that there have not been an increase in total suicide numbers. There is a small but important difference in the wording. Many people claim that the pandemic has driven suicide rates up, or that there have been greater numbers of suicides as a result of the pandemic, which simply isn’t true.
@The Divils Avocado: Individuals add up to statistics. Also the article does not say that definitively there were no suicides due to the pandemic or restrictions but that there were less than years without those thing. The point is that even if these things have provoked suicides the level is less than previous years. To counter your ridiculous question, prove that the pandemic and/or restrictions have not prevented suicides, these are individuals not statistics….
@The Divils Avocado: In this paper they found a drop in suicide rates during the pandemic in 2020, in all 22 countries and regions examined, some by almost 50%.
Pirkis, J., John, A., et al. 2021. Suicide trends in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: an interrupted time-series analysis of preliminary data from 21 countries. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8, 579–588, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00091-2.
A similar decreased in suicide rates was noted during wartime by the French sociologist Émile Durkheim 1897.
Durkheim proposed that wartime increased social cohesion and that protects against suicide. It is possible that the pandemic was similar, an outside threat that affected all of us that increased social cohesion.
Durkheim also commented that suicide rates increased after war ended to pre-war levels, however a reanalysis by Lester in 1994 found that in some countries the decrease in suicide rates persisted, suggesting that increased social cohesion continued after wars ended. This was observed for countries at war and uninvolved countries.
“Durkheim (1897) noted that suicide rates declined during wars, both in men and women. Rqjcewicz (1971) claimed that this was also true for more recent wars and that the decline was found in nations participating in the war and those who did not participate. The decline in women and in nations not participating in the war made it unlikely that the decline in suicide rates dining war was due to official undercounting or to men committing suicide in such a way that they were recorded as war casualties rather than suicides. Rojcewicz (1971) concluded that the most likely explanation tor lower suicide rates during wartime was that provided by Durkheim who argued that war increases the level of social integration within societies, and that this higher level of social integration results in a reduction in the suicide rale”
Lester, D., 1994. Suicide rates before, during and after the world wars. European Psychiatry, 9(5), pp.262-264.
@Diarmuid Hunt: While it hasn’t increased the numbers year on year, I would argue that when we may have seen a drop in figures for other reasons, the pandemic has driven this figure back up. I don’t believe this is a “ridiculous” statement. While it might be difficult to prove the reason why people die by suicide, I believe it would be much more insightful to compare these peoples reasons with people who die by suicide for pandemic specific reasons (now I know you will say without a note it’s difficult but Coroners Court is also a good indication). A spike year on year no, but a spike in suicides that otherwise might not have been yes.
@The Divils Avocado: I’m curious as to how that study would be conducted. Like how do you measure the reasons people die by suicide against people who die for pandemic specific reasons of suicide. The cororners report will tell you the means by how they took their life but it will not give the reason. So how is this data going to be collected in order to be compared. Given the fact that dying by suicide during a pandemic is not evidence that the pandemic had anything to do with it.
@Rmaybe: read my comment – as mentioned, coroners court – they often delve into the reasons behind an unexpected suicide.
Read my comment – I never said anything about dying by suicide during a pandemic was a pandemic related reason.. Is this more of your from Covid / with Covid BS?
@The Divils Avocado: I read your comment, it’s ridiculous, you want to compare pandemic specific related suicide deaths with other suicide reasons. Given that often close family members or even the person themselves do not fully understand the reason for suicide a coroners report other than the actual cause of death will give nothing other than an opinion on the reason. So how do you conduct a study on data you can’t collect. What we do have is the data on how many deaths occur each year and we know it hasn’t changed significantly in fact its considerably lower than the beginning of the decade . We have however seen an increase in service use so while more people’s mental health may have been impacted or they’ve had the time to quieten their brain to seek help, more people are not dying by suicide and are in fact seeking help. Arguably you could say the pandemic was a good thing for some people because it allowed them that time to cope with their mental well being.
@Rmaybe: you continue to say coroners report, do you think it’s a typo when I say Coroners “Court”? Have you been? This is where questions are asked of the family and an attempt to find a reason, not always possible agreed, but as I mentioned is a good resource. Also, family and friends do often know the reason, some people leave notes, some people do talk and unfortunately it does not work out.
@The Divils Avocado: If the pandemic spiked suicides during 2020/21 but they were still lower than other years, you’re not giving an explanation for the “other reasons” suicides went down.
How do you know that the “other reasons” suicides fell weren’t related to the pandemic? How do you know suicides spiked due to the pandemic at all?
@M: I don’t know and have never claimed to know either way and I have not speculated at all, let alone “fairly heftily”. I am calling out the fact that this study relies on a theory that there is a defined number of suicides each year which is ethically questionable. Because you asked, other reasons there ‘may’ have been a reduction against previous years could be less job stress due to places being closed, ‘possibly’ off set by others dying by suicide due to job loss – these are speculations.
@Hear me now: so they had covid and decided to take their own lives. And I think you’ll fund the term is died by suicide not committed suicide. It is neither a crime nor a sin.
@Rmaybe: while i don’t agree with their anecdotal led conclusion. Your reply to them is off the mark and driven by irritation by the ‘of’ or ‘with’ COVID thing which I don’t believe he was doing. When they said because of Covid I presume they meant because of the pandemic. Your terminology of ‘died by suicide’ I would agree with. However I don’t believe the word ‘committed’ is mutually exclusive to crime or sin. Your comment is uneccesarily harsh especially given the sensitivity of an issue such as this.
@slfc21: Rmaybe I’m just irritated by the posters assumption that he knows the exact reason why 3 people took their lives, coupled by the irony that just the other day he was agreeing with the need for a full breakdown of 40 deaths and whether they died with, or because of covid and if they had under lying health conditions. I’m wondering why one category of deaths deserve our respect but not another. While my comments may be harsh I’m simply pointing out the irony. The pandemic or covid has not directly caused someone to take their own life. It may however be a contributing factor that compounded a person’s situation of mental health to reach this awful point. Using the same logic that is so often used on the journal which the poster agrees with when referring to covid deaths then poor mental health is an underlying health condition. So while some people may have taken a downward spiral due to isolation or loss of work or anxiety etc the recorded figures do not show a rise in suicide deaths, the pandemic therefore may be a contributing factor for certain individuals but it is not the cause of a rise in suicides because that rise does not exist.
@Rmaybe: I agree with all that as it happens. I’m unfamiliar with the original poster or their previous comments so there was no context to your original reply for me anyway . So maybe that’s just the way it came across.
@Hear me now: Firstly, the study isn’t saying that nobody took their own life because of the pandemic, it’s just saying that there were no more suicides during the pandemic than in previous years, in fact, as David Jordan points out, there was a decline in the number of suicides in many countries.
Secondly, nobody is saying that those who took their own lives are not being recognised – that’s your own inference.
Finally – with regards to your question ‘does there have to be a spike…’ do you not think its ironic that you have been one of the commenters on here regularly complaining that there is no spike on deaths from covid and/or the spike in deaths isn’t big enough to justify restrictions and/or the spike doesn’t matter if overall deaths stay the same or drop.
And here you are, adopting the very same arguments that you discount when they don’t suit your own particular bias.
@slfc21: “Committed Suicide” was a terminology given by the Catholic Church as a sin commited, they also placed a black cross on the person’s coffin whilst in the church to show the sin, of which happened to 2 of my relatives back in the 90s. The only crime committed in Ireland back then and now is the lack of services for those suffering with their mental health.
The fact is, we don’t know what the final straw was for each individual who has taken their own life! But this pandemic has knocked the crap out of everybody, so I can only imagine how people with mental health issues were affected.
I found the headline on this article to be very distasteful! A lot of the article talks about “numbers falling back in line” as if sucide has now been normalised. I am sure the families of suicide victims would have a lot more to say about the stat their loved one is counted in.
RIP to anyone who has lost their battle with mental health, and love to anybody who is currently going through that battle.
#YouAreMoreThanjustAStatistic
@Mark Sherwin: same goes for people who have died because of or with covid. The comments on the journal to these poor people have been incredibly distasteful over the last two years.
So if there is no attributable increase in suicidal deaths to covid restrictions,!those said restrictions did not have any impact on suicides.
Oh my good Lord. No compassion or reflection on those who took their own lives as a direct reaction to the absolute nonsense measures introduced an enforced here. Only count of their death was directly blamed on covid.
@Gavin Linden: Yes, it probably was a factor in their decision… But what about those who took their lives before the pandemic ever hapoened, or would these unfortunates have done the same had the pandemic not occurred. To tell the truth, I think it was as likely with or without the pandemic. The issue here is mental health and how it is treated in this country.
@Gavin Linden: I don’t think that’s what is being said. The conclusions aren’t that the pandemic was not a factor in suicides, the conclusion is that the pandemic did not cause an increase in suicides over previous years.
In 2018 I had a failed attempt and end up in hospital. I spent 2 years fighting back and repairing my mind, fast forward to 2020 and I was finally doing okay. Then the pandemic hit, again I was doing okay, my mind was resting and everything felt peaceful, that was until these past few months, covid passports, restrictions, never ending cases. I’m one of those people who cant be vaccinated due to medical reasons, my husband and kids are vaccinated, right now we cant seem to do anything indoors as a family as I dont have a covid pass this I could manage, I pushed through but when they brought in covid passes for gyms this crippled me. One of the recovery plans given to me by my doctor and Pieta House was fitness, working out and exercise, yes I can do this at home,
@Denise Ni Mhathúna: I try to walk almost every day but nothing pushes you like a gym and my mind never feels more fixed or calm than when I have workout in a gym. These few weeks I have really struggled, my anxiety is at a high, I find myself crying most days, I’m paying €150 a week for private therapy to help me through this mess because I’ve worked hard not to try to give up on life again, but this really is hard and I’m struggling right now. How many more are like me but are afraid to speak out?
@Denise Ni Mhathúna: Best wishes for the future. If you can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons can you not get a medical certificate from your doctor that explains that you are exempt from the passport.
@Anna Carr: Thank you, pushing hard every day and I’m so lucky to have amazing family, friends and work colleagues supporting me. Hopefully we get out of this mess soon.
@Tom kenny: Unfortunately no, I manage to balance it with therapy, eating right and exercise but just the added pressure of the pandemic has made it a lot more challenging.
@Stephen Gill: The doctor had given me a letter to show a hotel that I had been given for my 40th birthday from my family and thankfully they accepted it, but under the present guidelines there are no such measures in place for those who cant be vaccinated due to medical reasons. For most we just got on with it and hoped for it to pass, but for many like myself who struggle with their mental health and use gyms especially in the cold, wet winter months it became very challenging as there is no exemption for anyone in my category.
An increase in services is a good thing. That means more people are seeking help and support. If there’s a huge increase in people seeking services and no jump in suicide rates then these services are doing a great job to support people. Well done to all as many of these people are volunteers and it is a relentless job.
A great study and one that as usual would totally vindicate the government. Where’s the study on the minimum unit alcohol? With most services at a standstill since Covid, where did they get the data on that? People with mental health issues can’t get proper treatment nor can people with addiction issues. If anything children in families with addiction problems will go hungrier, but that’s a working class problem – that’s their own fault according to FG. Earn more if you want to enjoy Tory Ireland or deal with it.
@Eoghan Augusta: furthermore I see the fact check on this is closed for discussion. That’s effectively how the government operates, “we tell you and that’s final”. Its anti-democratic and acting as a stealth tax. I know it’s a cold snap but it would be nice if FF FG and the Green wasters took their hands out of my pocket!
@Eoghan Augusta: All fact check articles are closed for comment – I’m not sure of the rationale for that but it’s consistently the case.
Perhaps it’s due to the fact that it’s a summary of actual findings as opposed to opinion (which I guess is the aim of a ‘fact check’ article) in which case, there’s not much to say on it.
Unless of course you disagree with the actual facts, in which case, you probably shouldn’t be airing your views in public?
@Lee King Buckett: You’re right I don’t always agree with their fact check. Unfortunately the journal is heavily lopsided towards the government as are RTE and the Irish Times. I’m not being a conspiracy theorist but why not publish a full article on how the extra revenue is going to be spent? Are there going to be brilliant new supports and services in addiction and mental health or homelessness – or will we just try make it unaffordable for people who are areas with socio economic problems? And just because somebody says something is fact – doesn’t mean you can’t question it. If you do believe everything without any questions maybe you should consider asking more questions!
@Eoghan Augusta: Indeed, questioning is always good but maybe not those questions as MUP is not a tax and the excess revenue won’t be going to the government but to the manufacturers and retailers.
@Eoghan Augusta: You’re correct. There are very few facts in the MUP article. There’s some evidence pointing both ways, some opinion, some conjecture and a final verdict of unproven so it is still very much up for debate and further discussion. Suicides are a little more clear cut as the data speaks for itself but even with that, data can often be twisted or misrepresented and so should also always be open to challenge and discussion.
@Declan Doherty: I can’t remember a single fact check article that allowed comments because it would be a complete mess if they did. Most of the fact check articles are about lunatic WhatsApp covid/lockdown/vaccine bogus misinformation.
Even by taking the lower rates quoted, the suicide rate in Ireland is more than double the road deaths. Millions are spent, apparently successfully on road safety, and suicide needs to be addressed as a priority with coordinated support, counselling and ideation awareness campaigns at a national level.
It does feel heartless to talk about numbers but it’s important. We can’t have people with ulterior motives using sucides to suit their cause! Covid restrictions and lockdowns were and are important in our modern world. Not to stop covid becuase that can’t happen but to limit the effects. The focus around sucides should be on help for people suffering before it’s too late,not on rooting out every potential cause becasue that’s impossible and life is not like that. Help not blame, convenienatly or otherwise! imo
In the article above on new alcohol Pricing how do they know there will be no uptake in drugs when drugs are are sold illigally ,they have no handle on what amount of drugs are in the country ?
@Gerard Heery: if you read the article it said its possible but there’s no evidence from other places that have introduced MUP over the last number or years/decades BUT I will concede and everyone must concede Ireland is 100% an outlier in all of this, even more so than Scotland is. It will take 10 years of data from Ireland before the affect of MUP will be known on alcohol/drug sales.
The fact check article is accurate that when dealing with people it interviewed that stated those who never did drugs were extremely unlikely to switch from drink to drugs based on price alone. Makes sense. Again, this is data, it’s hard to argue with data, it might not be what people want to hear, but it’s data/statistics.
All I can give is anecdotes, but my own suicidal thoughts resurfaced during 2020 after I came terrifyingly close to taking that plunge in 2011 and successfully kept the mere suggestion out of my head for almost ten years. I posted about this publicly to my friends on social media and received a flood of DMs from others feeling similarly.
Whether or not it increased suicides, it most certainly increased suicidal *ideation*, and that is terrifying. Even more terrifying that the mental health implications of being asked to live like hermits for almost two years are literally never talked about at a high level by either officials or the media. “Reduce your social contacts, don’t meet anyone, stay two metres away from everyone, wash, rinse, repeat” – if you’re a single person who lives alone, you’re being asked to essentially live a life of solitary confinement with no end in sight. This has demonstrably devastating impacts on mental health, and should be a no-brainer.
The persistent downplaying of that is absolutely obscene.
@Mike Ruddy: Ah, OK so the medical professionals are now colluding with government and Big Pharma and all the other countries of the world to label suicide deaths as covid deaths just to fool us all for some reason that’s obviously only known to you and a select cabal of ‘do your own researchers’
Oh my goodness how can they say that? I’ve never had a suicidal thought in my 55 years thank goodness, but through this I’ve certainly reached some very low days. This pandemic has been detrimental to mental health. That’s a terrible thing to say, just making a sweeping statement like that. It’s time they realised that Joe Public are not stupid. We know exactly what’s going on. Shame on whoever made that statement.
This is quite common during crisis and disasters.
Suicide rates go down, more community development, list goes on.
Sure, you’ll get the arseholes, and in these the waning days of Babylon, it seems like there are more (looking at you Jim Corr), but most people have started to help one another, depression, and I speak from personal experience, might be high but the strength to fight it is higher.
Ah sure any headbanger is allowed to make outrageous claims on line. Anyone got the loan of a rope please? I’m just going for a skip, don’t be nervous. If I don’t get a rope, I’ll have to go back to piggy beds, jaysus I hope I’m not losing my marbles, maybe I’m just going conkers?
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Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times an ad is presented to you).
Create profiles for personalised advertising 83 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (such as forms you submit, content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (for example, information from your previous activity on this service and other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (that might include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present advertising that appears more relevant based on your possible interests by this and other entities.
Use profiles to select personalised advertising 83 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects.
Create profiles to personalise content 39 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (for instance, forms you submit, non-advertising content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (such as your previous activity on this service or other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find content that matches your interests.
Use profiles to select personalised content 35 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find (non-advertising) content that matches your interests.
Measure advertising performance 134 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
Measure content performance 61 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources 74 partners can use this purpose
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
Develop and improve services 83 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
Use limited data to select content 37 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
Use precise geolocation data 46 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500 metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 27 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 92 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
Deliver and present advertising and content 99 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
Match and combine data from other data sources 72 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Link different devices 53 partners can use this feature
Always Active
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 88 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Save and communicate privacy choices 69 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.
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