Support from readers like you keeps The Journal open.
You are visiting us because we have something you value. Independent, unbiased news that tells the truth. Advertising revenue goes some way to support our mission, but this year it has not been enough.
If you've seen value in our reporting, please contribute what you can, so we can continue to produce accurate and meaningful journalism. For everyone who needs it.
A BRITISH MAN with non-terminal cancer who travelled abroad to take his own life has sparked debate in the UK regarding assisted suicide.
Jeffrey Spector (54) enjoyed a final meal with his wife and three daughters last Thursday before travelling to the Dignitas centre in Zurich, Switzerland to take his own life.
Spector, a Lancashire businessman, had an inoperable cancerous tumour on his spine, one that he believed would have rendered him completely paralysed over the course of time.
While the cancer was inoperable, he was not terminally ill at the time of his death. Spector was first diagnosed with cancer in 2009.
His family released a statement in the wake of Spector’s death expressing their total support for his actions.
“Jeffrey contacted Dignitas shortly after his diagnosis, as he was absolutely clear in his mind that when the time came he wanted to end his own life with dignity,” the statement reads.
He was particularly clear that he did not want to live a life in which he was paralysed and reliant on his family to care for him.
Earlier this year, Jeffrey’s condition deteriorated to such an extent that he believed he would soon be permanently and completely paralysed.
Accordingly, he made an appointment to go to the Dignitas clinic in Switzerland to end his own life. Whilst this was, of course, a difficult and painful time, as a family we supported and respected Jeffrey’s decision 100%.
On Wednesday 20 May 2015, Jeffrey travelled to Zurich for that very purpose and on Friday 22 May 2015, Jeffrey ended his own life in exactly the manner and at exactly the time he wanted.
Jeffrey ended his life with dignity and control which was his overwhelming desire.
“Conventional wisdom says I won’t improve,” he said.
If I am paralysed and can’t speak, send me to the spirit world.
The case is likely to stimulate an intense debate in the UK over the issue of assisted suicide.
As is the case in Ireland, assisted suicide is currently illegal in Britain, and punishable by up to life in prison.
However, a bill regarding assisted dying, raised by Labour Lord Charles Falconer in 2014, has been discussed by the House of Lords.
Lord Falconer PA Archive / Press Association Images
PA Archive / Press Association Images / Press Association Images
The bill was delayed by opponents however and so did not make it as far as the House of Commons prior to parliament being dissolved before the recent UK general election.
In Ireland the issue of assisted suicide is hugely controversial, with campaigners like Tom Curran (whose partner Marie Fleming was refused court approval to have Curran assist in taking her own life) very much to the fore.
Last month, Gail O’Rorke was acquitted of any wrongdoing in the case of the suicide of her friend Bernadette Forde. O’Rorke was charged with making arrangements for Forde to travel to the same Dignitas centre in Zurich as Jeffrey Spector, though the trip was eventually cancelled after gardaí were notified by a travel agent.
O’Rorke was the first person to be charged with assisting suicide in the history of the state.
Readers like you are keeping these stories free for everyone...
A mix of advertising and supporting contributions helps keep paywalls away from valuable information like this article.
Over 5,000 readers like you have already stepped up and support us with a monthly payment or a once-off donation.
Lots of legal trouble for his family that way Mary, not to mention having to call police etc and the trauma of explaining what happened. You’re right though in that he shouldn’t have had to travel. RIP
I agree, it should be a person of sound mind’s own decision. While again, the discussion of assisted suicide is not controversial, it is split only amongst the same lines as equal marriage, abortion for medical reasons, separation of church and state in education, health and policy. That is those who value humans with respect, dignity, individual rights and and understanding of science and nature vs the religious right who oppose every change that will take away their control over such matters.
@alien. I am pro choice when it comes to abortion and ssm, but have ethical – not religious concerns regarding assisted suicide. I’m worried that old people and ill people may opt for it if they feel they are being a burden on society or they may be coerced into doing so by unscrupulous family members. There is evidence in the Netherlands that old people fear this and it is possible to get a do not euthanize card.
So I think your analysis of the situation is somewhat simplistic.
Anne Marie, I understand those concerns, but this has not been the case in the Netherlands. They have always treated psychiatric conditions the same as physical in that they have to be fully voluntary and the only alternative. There were ~10 cases of euthanasia (of several hundred referred to at patients requests) that were of this category, but in all there was a history of suicide attempts and no family was involved. As I mentioned below, coercive suicide due to financial or burden reasons can happen regardless of euthanasia availability (and accordingly should be treated as a crime), and may reduce as any person contemplating suicide would be able to talk to experts and offer another channel to help. As long as checks and balances are in place, and it is only legislated for terminal illness, or extensive loss of quality of life, reasons, then it can only be seem as humane, and those frightening cases would not apply.
I think if I were in his position, I would have made the same decision. The irony is that if it were legal, I would probably wait and try and get as much enjoyment out of my final days, until I get to the point that I can no longer look after myself. Because the only way to avoid putting your family though a legal battle, while they are still mourning your death, is to travel while you have the ability to travel alone, you are forced to make that decision earlier than you otherwise might.
I think that’s totally his right. I suffer with chronic, intractable depression and I sometimes wonder if I could avail of dignitas. I know that is completely a different illness, but still…
My psychiatrist is kinda new-agey.. I like her! But she is all for patient-empowerment & says the right to kill my self is always mine. So is this guys. People may not agree with it, but such is autonomy. The right to think and act for ourselves. For better or worse.
We have spent so long trying to raise awareness around suicide for people suffering from mental health issues and now you want us to say, it’s your right go ahead? This is ridiculous.
I think this guy and yourself Mary should start taking 40mg of Citalopram every single day forever and never ever miss a dose. Depression is just all in the mind don’t be afraid to take medication to change the way you feel. What have you got to lose?
The thing is with depression is that you can get better with treatment. It may be life long, but there will be good periods. Treatment has to adjusted and readjusted until they find something that works. You can live a normal enough life (whatever normal is).
Thank u Sean…. I didn’t impulsively make that statement nor happen upon suicidal thoughts. I’m 30 and have been depressed since I was 8. You’re right…. It is all in the mind, however I have taken every possible antidepressant known or made. I have been in every service known, public and private. And still here I am, choking on pain.
The message about suicide needs to be shouted loud and clear. It is not okay. And certainly there are so many options & supports out there. But after two decades of dealing with this, losing all my school life, adolescence, and 20′s to it – I find it a little disrespectful to be told to pop 20mg of citalopram.
As far as I’m concerned today, my prognosis is terminal. Shouldn’t it be my right to choose how much longer I suffer.
Ultimately it should be the choice of every person themselves to decide what to do, however it should never be like a ‘snap’ decision, if one decides to go down the road of assisted suicide, the person doing that has to be of sound mind and absolutely clear about what they’re doing.
@Mary there is a difference in that suicidality is a symptom of depression. If it was the express choice of everyone who suffered with depression whether they lived or died, an awful lot of people who have recovered and gone on to have wonderful lives would have ended it prematurely. As a mental health professional I have talked to countless people who told me they would never get better and be better off dead. That wasn’t them talking, it was the depression. And countless people have thanked me and my colleagues for getting them out the other side.
Bottom line: I don’t think someone with depression is competent to make the decision.
I am not catatonic with depression. I of sound mind. I am not certifiable. I know who I am and where I am. And I know that for about 85% of the last 22-24 years, most of me has been hurting. And I think if there is no solution for me, I have a right to end that pain if I see fit.
Right now there is no solution. Suicide occurs when pain exceeds capacity to cope.
You are very brave Mary, depression is a horrible thing and I understand your thinking. The biggest problem is people don’t understand mental illness in the same way they do an inoperable tumour therefore view it as selfish to consider assisted suicide. While I think depression can be treated with the right methods I also believe that your body and mind are your own and only you know what’s right for you. You will find peace without having to consider assisted suicide. Just keep fighting girl, you are not alone.
Mary, have you heard about the success of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) in dealing with intractable depression? You may find Will Lippincott’s recent New York Times’ article “No Longer Wanting to Die” very interesting. Go to: http://www.opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com
and type “No Longer Wanting to Die” in the Search box. (Apologies I didn’t know how to do a direct link).
DBT was originally developed in the 1980s by the psychologist Dr. Marsha M. Linehan. In the past decade or so it has been adapted to help people with treatment-resistant depression.
For a psychiatrist to tell you that the right to kill yourself is always yours, is truly shocking and not helpful to put it mildly. Has your psychiatrist even heard of this form of therapy?
Mary Carey – I posted a response to you and thought it was going to appear as a Reply under your comment, but it didn’t. But I do see it in the Comments. Thx. CH.
Hi Catherine – When I say I have tried every treatment method, I mean every method. 2.5 years of Dbt. Schema therapy. Cbt. Counselling. ALL the antidepressants, antipsychotics (old and new) lithium, mood stabilisers, benzos, anti seizure – everything. The only thing I haven’t tried is ECT and my team don’t believe I’m a candidate – nor do I.
I know all about marsha, and her skills, and still, though I have survived the pain – I have not recovered from it.
@isla. Would you give the same advice to a family member? If your mother/father/son/daughter/brother/sister told you they felt they could not go on because of depression, would you seriously tell them that you support them in their decision to commit suicide whether assisted or not? I’m sure family members who have lost close ones to suicide would have a different opinion.
Mary, if you’re still reading these comments, please get a new psychiatrist. I have never heard of a mental health practitioner equating suicide with empowerment. Plus the fact you said she was new agey immediately set bells ringing. It seems as if she should be reported to the HSE.
Would u stop!!! She’s not telling me to commit suicide or proposing that it is a good idea. But in a philosophical conversation with her one day, we spoke of how my depression is not a psychotic depression or a sudden onset of clinical depression where I previously lived a full and normal life. So she was speaking about responsibility, and how i could be responsible for taking my life, but only after doing everything to try to be well.
Chronic mental health patients need to be helped developing a sense of empowerment, becoz for a long long time the power has been taken away. Usually to prevent harm from coming to us. But this has proven a double edge sword becoz chronic patients like me never developed (psychological) legs to stand on.
She wants me to survive as much as anyone. But she wants me to realise I am the one who is in control. And I respect her for having the guts to take that risk….
I don’t know if a mental health professional like Eric above agrees – I think he might tho….
Bloody hell that is not what I was talking about and that is quite obvious. I myself have suffered from severe anxiety for the last few years and it’s very difficult to get out of. My point was that people are very quick to judge because they don’t understand mental illness. It is desperately unpleasant and unless you have felt it you won’t understand. I disagree with someone taking their lives because they’re going through a bad patch but some people suffer a hell of a lot more than just a bad patch they can’t just shake off. It is up to the individual person to find a coping mechanism and that can be said for anyone who suffers from any chronic illness including depression. Sometimes people don’t find that and it’s awful for them and their families. It’s their body and their right do what’s right for them.
It’s clearly a sense of empowerment she was giving Mary at that time. Mary did not choose depression. She was merely being shown that she has power, that in many ways she us still in charge.
Mary, when was the last time you went 2 weeks with no medication?
Mary have you ever stuck with the same medication for a few years without missing a dose? It can take many many months for side effects of antidepressants to wear off and for them to really start working.
I suffered from server insomnia and had regular nightmares. I was prescribed Escitalopram (an antidepressant). It works amazingly well and I felt great. The small side effects disappeared after a year or so. I can’t recommend them more highly.
just read your comments Mary,
There are no easy answers with an illness like depression. I have a close family member who has survived it and come through it.
It can take years to find the right treatment but very often there is light at the end of the tunnel.
Stay strong & take care of yourself.
Thank you for all those lovely, encouraging comments….
Jack!!! I have been on MANY medications for well well over the the prescribed treatment time. 6mths, a year, 3 years. You are a big fan of both cipramil and lexapro – I have done every SSRI, SNRI, MAOI, TCA. All of them! Seriously – I have done the meds thing to death! No pun intended!
Jane if you knew the turmoil and pain of depression and paranoia, you too would like to know you could end your life with dignity, and depression is horrible gives you such a low sense of self and self hatred. So i for one do not think its a bad idea.
How very sad that the abysmal end of life care on offer leaves such poor souls with the only choice of leaving their home country to die in a foreign land.
My father had Alzheimer’s and took his life before it fully took his. The act was his gift to the family he said in a note, and it was. It would have been unbearable to see him suffer during that transition of horror. I just wish I could have been with him when he decided to leave this world. Instead he was on his own. He is, and will forever be my hero for this choice.
Cop on, 2 out of 3 of his daughters are adults and the other is 15.
They are obviously understandably upset but it’s not like he didn’t explain it to them. The man wanted to go on his own terms. It’s a tough decision but ultimately it should be his to make. I know it wasn’t terminal but it also wasn’t going to get better
Did you skip past the part where it said his kids were all behind him?
Perhaps they agreed that watching their dad be absolutely miserable for the rest of his life was pretty heartbreaking too. If he wanted to end it that should be his right.
If Enda & Joan want to have another referendum then how about on this topic? If a dog is dying of cancer it’s suffering will be alleviated humanely but a person, a loved one isn’t afforded the same dignity & courtesy. However controversial the man’s decision it was his to make & he did it for the right reasons. If I ever end up terminally ill I would have no intention of dying a slow lingering death.
@Matt. I am not totally against assisted suicide, but I have concerns; however equating people with sick dogs is not helpful. In general we don’t try to cure dogs. They don’t often undergo chemo or radiation. We don’t raise money to send dogs abroad for proton treatment. If a dog is homeless and no one takes the dog, it’ll be put down. If we can’t find a home for an orphaned child, we don’t put her down. The reason? we don’t value dogs’ lives as much as humans’. Dogs also have no say on whether they want to be put down or not.
But how we get the choice to choose that defies, the worth of life.
I think instead of governments and society looking consistently at progressiveism, what about keeping these people alive for as long as possible. Giving families real support backed up by serious money, cash is king!
Life from inception has value and worth.
I completely disagree that we have any rights as to who lives or dies.
. Animals lives are valued more because they are not allowed to suffer. I would do my best to get treatment that would cure my pets if they were very sick no mather what it costs.
I think the point is more that if you kept an animal alive with terminal/painful disease, you would be prosecuted for animal cruelty. Try to put a terminally-ill human to sleep and you risk legal prosecution.
My opposition to it is based on ethics not religion. Quite simply, I think it would be abused – older people, for example, who feel they are becoming a burden on their family, might feel pressured into electing euthanasia, or they may be coerced by their “caring” families into doing so.
Life is precious, we only get one, and we should cherish it. Obviously in circumstances such as motor neurone disease, and locked in syndrome it should be considered on a case by case basis but definitely never freely available.
I remember reading a biography on the Duke – John Wayne and this part really stuck out and made me think. He was dying of cancer and was in such indescribable pain that he begged his own his sons to hand him his .38 so he could end his agony. I think its impossible to argue against it in cases like that.
John, I do not think that the case you describe is valid, as that option is already available to everyone, and it is not pandemic amongst the elderly. Dignatas and other supporters of death with dignity do no support suicide for financial or whimsical reasons, only for conditions that have an irreversible loss of dignity.
Everyone should stay alive for as long as possible, as it is the only life you will ever have. If that one life is going to end soon, then you should have the choice to do that in your own home, surrounded by people you love, and while you are in control. Nothing shows more of a respect for life that understanding and respecting it.
John this is the same argument the religious use and I never bought it. I can be coerced into going for a pint when I don’t want to but I’m not sure many people would kill themselves out of politeness to other people.
In the case of a debilitating and high dependency illness, which undermines quality of life to an unacceptable degree, there has to be an option to self euthanize before you are no longer able to exercise that choice. Sadly, that means erring on the side of too early than too late.
The possible onset of Alzheimers disease or severely cognitive impairment disease is especially poignant. My preference would be an early exit whilst still autonomous and capable of doing what is necessary, reliably and decisively.
I watched a close relative die of Alzheimers and I saw the care level. I’m not going into such care. It’s a nightmare to observe that situation.
Death with dignity and by one’s own hand can be appealing considering the alternative. Quality of my life and not being a burden on others fit together nicely in my case.
It’s a personal decision and no one should influence the decision.
Suicide isn’t a nice topic to talk about in any sense, but I believe there is a difference between ending ones life in a dignified manner due to serious illness compared to ending ones life because of money/family/work/depression. I’m aware that those who feel there isn’t anyone to turn to cannot see a cure nor seek advice as their mind is made up. Medically in my mind is different as trained personal are telling you there is no cure and their advice is take these drugs and we might be able to extend your life by x time, but you will die all the same. Brave and honourable friends who help make their last journey comfortable
He seemed very strong minded. That took some strength , not only for him but for his family too . I don’t think I would be strong enough to deal with that situation .
He did the right thing, for himself and his family. People are individual. There are those who can live some sort of life with severe disability, while others would contemplate that life with absolute horror. (I would tend more to the latter category). I can see why those fundamentally opposed to assisted suicide or “euthanasia ” would sieze on this case in an attempt to overturn the small concessions won by desperately ill people – but in my view they are wrong. He went out peacefully at a time of his choosing, having expressed his love for those he left behind. What’s not to like about that.
All for people making their own decision about their own destiny. But I would fear that if it is legalised, people terminally ill may feel a duty to end their lives even though they may not want to, as they may feel they are a burden on their family. Sad story.
I dunno if I could go through with that, if you believe in an afterlife or a god or something then I spose it’s just a way of hurrying things up/forgoing pain.
A paralyzed man can still read dickens though, so I guess it depends on your outlook.
I could go through explaining how technology could enable someone partially paralyzed to do a whole host of things and carry on with a fulfilling existence, or explain how one can experience things through reading (as an arbitrary example), but I fear it might be a waste of time for both of us.
I said it was based on the persons outlook, or their expectations from life.
You don’t need to my cousin has been paralysed since the 80s when he was injured in the army at the age of 21 his now in his 40s. He is wheelchair bound, his mother lifts him on to the toilet. She holds a urinal for him to pee into. She spoon feeds him. The list is endless. Due to the nature of his injury his speech is slurred and can only be understood by those close to him. His had cancer too, finished chemo a couple of months ago. His wife of 6 months left him after a year. Couldn’t cope with his tantrums. He has no female companions. His mother is in her late 70s.
His mind is fully there and he still remembers what life was like before. He gets very depressed if they are out, he throws tantrums because he can’t do anything.
In the day care centre they found out that the carer stuck his wheel chair in a mode where he went round in circles for hours on end. He was hit.
The list goes on. He never said anything because the carer in the centre was his uncles wife.
Lily , may I ask if your cousin had an option to take his life the same way this man did , would he do it ? It sounds like the poor man is just existing through life .
He didn’t. He wanted to die. He would throw tantrums.
When he got the cancer he told my mother that he wished his mother would let him go. “I wish she would let me die”
He would have denied treatment but his mother wouldn’t and no one outside close family and friends can understand what he says. So the doctors were none the wiser.
His mother gets to decide whats best for him and in her mind no parent should outlive their child.
It’s hearbreaking.
Because he was in the army when he was injured they provided funding for alterations to the house and day care in the day care centre. A normal person wouldn’t have got the funding they did.
He smoked for years, his momma would pop the cigarette into his mouth but after 15 years she made him quit. He wasn’t happy about that. It was his one pleasure.
Now its half a pint of larger. His not allowed any more, because mamma says so.
I think people who have a sickness that will get worse until they have no kind of liife,should have the right to end it. I personally would rather die than have too depend on people 24/ 7.
No insurance policy pays out for death due to suicide.Unfortunately that’s why some people looking for a payout for their family will do something like drive a car into oncoming traffic.
In unprecedented move, Ireland's psychiatrists say CAMHS 'urgently' needs to be overhauled
9 hrs ago
8.4k
24
Good Morning
The 9 at 9: Tuesday
Updated
47 mins ago
1.1k
trump administration
White House confirms Defence Secretary accidentally texted journalist US plans to strike Yemen
Updated
10 hrs ago
73.9k
142
Your Cookies. Your Choice.
Cookies help provide our news service while also enabling the advertising needed to fund this work.
We categorise cookies as Necessary, Performance (used to analyse the site performance) and Targeting (used to target advertising which helps us keep this service free).
We and our 160 partners store and access personal data, like browsing data or unique identifiers, on your device. Selecting Accept All enables tracking technologies to support the purposes shown under we and our partners process data to provide. If trackers are disabled, some content and ads you see may not be as relevant to you. You can resurface this menu to change your choices or withdraw consent at any time by clicking the Cookie Preferences link on the bottom of the webpage .Your choices will have effect within our Website. For more details, refer to our Privacy Policy.
We and our vendors process data for the following purposes:
Use precise geolocation data. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Store and/or access information on a device. Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development.
Cookies Preference Centre
We process your data to deliver content or advertisements and measure the delivery of such content or advertisements to extract insights about our website. We share this information with our partners on the basis of consent. You may exercise your right to consent, based on a specific purpose below or at a partner level in the link under each purpose. Some vendors may process your data based on their legitimate interests, which does not require your consent. You cannot object to tracking technologies placed to ensure security, prevent fraud, fix errors, or deliver and present advertising and content, and precise geolocation data and active scanning of device characteristics for identification may be used to support this purpose. This exception does not apply to targeted advertising. These choices will be signaled to our vendors participating in the Transparency and Consent Framework.
Manage Consent Preferences
Necessary Cookies
Always Active
These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched off in our systems. They are usually only set in response to actions made by you which amount to a request for services, such as setting your privacy preferences, logging in or filling in forms. You can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work.
Targeting Cookies
These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you relevant adverts on other sites. They do not store directly personal information, but are based on uniquely identifying your browser and internet device. If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising.
Functional Cookies
These cookies enable the website to provide enhanced functionality and personalisation. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose services we have added to our pages. If you do not allow these cookies then these services may not function properly.
Performance Cookies
These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. If you do not allow these cookies we will not be able to monitor our performance.
Store and/or access information on a device 110 partners can use this purpose
Cookies, device or similar online identifiers (e.g. login-based identifiers, randomly assigned identifiers, network based identifiers) together with other information (e.g. browser type and information, language, screen size, supported technologies etc.) can be stored or read on your device to recognise it each time it connects to an app or to a website, for one or several of the purposes presented here.
Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development 142 partners can use this purpose
Use limited data to select advertising 112 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times an ad is presented to you).
Create profiles for personalised advertising 83 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (such as forms you submit, content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (for example, information from your previous activity on this service and other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (that might include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present advertising that appears more relevant based on your possible interests by this and other entities.
Use profiles to select personalised advertising 83 partners can use this purpose
Advertising presented to you on this service can be based on your advertising profiles, which can reflect your activity on this service or other websites or apps (like the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects.
Create profiles to personalise content 38 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service (for instance, forms you submit, non-advertising content you look at) can be stored and combined with other information about you (such as your previous activity on this service or other websites or apps) or similar users. This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find content that matches your interests.
Use profiles to select personalised content 34 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on your content personalisation profiles, which can reflect your activity on this or other services (for instance, the forms you submit, content you look at), possible interests and personal aspects. This can for example be used to adapt the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find (non-advertising) content that matches your interests.
Measure advertising performance 133 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
Measure content performance 59 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources 74 partners can use this purpose
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
Develop and improve services 83 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
Use limited data to select content 37 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
Use precise geolocation data 46 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500 metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 27 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 92 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
Deliver and present advertising and content 99 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
Match and combine data from other data sources 72 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Link different devices 53 partners can use this feature
Always Active
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 88 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Save and communicate privacy choices 69 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.
have your say