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IMAGINE FOR A moment that our government and others around the world had been given detailed information and warnings about the coronavirus years, even decades before it finally erupted.
Imagine also that experts had shown the path to minimising or even avoiding this global disaster, but our political and business leaders, uneasy about the costs of taking action and possible disruption to commerce, chose to ignore the expert warnings as alarmist and carried on regardless.
In reality, full-blown pandemics are vanishingly rare. Almost no human is alive today who lived in the time of the ‘Spanish Flu’ pandemic of 1918-19.
In the modern era, our collective cultural experience is that of taming, rather than being at the mercy of, nature in general and deadly diseases in particular. Consider smallpox: during the 20th century, it killed an estimated 300 million people worldwide. A global vaccination campaign eventually led to its eradication in 1980. Likewise, polio, another dreaded disease, has been almost completely vanquished by vaccination.
The damage done
Until very recently, premature death had been the norm for most humans. However, in the last five decades, largely freed from the threat of predators, large and small, our numbers on this earth have more than doubled, to over 7.8 billion, while average life expectancy in the same period has increased by well over a decade per person.
Protesters in Paris waiting for the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015. Apaydin Alain
Apaydin Alain
That’s the good news. The bad news is that this unprecedented global expansion of the human footprint has brought the biosphere, our living planet, to the brink of collapse. There are many ways of measuring this, such as the precipitous decline in biodiversity, the average annual loss of 15 billion trees, many of them from razed ancient rainforests.
A major report on biodiversity and ecosystems published last May found that the natural world is declining globally ‘at rates unprecedented in human history – and the rate of species extinctions is accelerating, with grave impacts on people around the world now likely’.
The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) report concluded that around one million animal and plant species now face extinction in the coming decades. ‘The essential, interconnected web of life on Earth is getting smaller and increasingly frayed…this loss is a direct result of human activity and constitutes a direct threat to human well-being’, the IPBES report warned.
The unavoidable warming
We face an equally daunting and arguably more intractable challenge from climate change. In October 2018, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued a special report on the likely impacts of global warming at and beyond 1.5ºC over pre-industrial temperatures.
Arising from this landmark report, it emerged that in order to keep global temperatures within relatively safe limits, carbon emissions would have to fall by at least 45% by 2030, which is just ten years from now.
This is in line with commitments made by almost all the world’s leaders, including Ireland, when we signed up for the 2015 Paris Agreement, which legally committed us to doing everything possible to avoid extremely dangerous climate change at 2ºC and beyond.
This commitment was underlined in January 2020 by the all-party Oireachtas Committee on Climate Action when it agreed a minimum targeted emissions reduction of 7%+ per annum and this, in turn, has become the Green Party’s key precondition for entering into a coalition government.
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Activists of the fridays for future movement placed a poster at a tree in Erfurt, Germany, April 24, 2020. Jens Meyer
Jens Meyer
According to the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), the economic impact of the coronavirus is likely to see global carbon emissions fall by some 6% in 2020.
We need to flatten both the pandemic and climate change curves; we need to show the same determination and unity against climate change as against Covid-19”, according to WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas. Action, he added, would be needed “for many generations ahead.
What this underlines is that to achieve a compound 7% annual emissions cut every year from now until 2030 would require the most radical rethink of how we organise our society and economy since the foundation of the state.
Can you see it happening?
Many are deeply sceptical. Former ‘Climate Action’ minister, Denis Naughten dismissed the 7% target as ‘unachievable’, claiming it would equate to banning every private car and slaughtering every (farm) animal in the country.
Naughten is at least being consistent. Back in 2017, he threatened to block implementation of the Paris Agreement at the EU level, claiming it was ‘unaffordable’ for Ireland to implement.
Since 2011, a succession of Fine Gael-led governments has stymied meaningful climate action. As a result, Ireland has now the third-highest per capita emissions in the EU, with the average Irish citizen accounting for more than double the emissions of their high-income Swedish counterparts.
As Sweden shows, ultra-low carbon solutions in transport, energy, home heating, agriculture and industry are indeed possible, but in Ireland, these have been held back by vested interest groups pursuing short-term agendas and TDs engaged in parish pump politics.
A young environmentalists holds a placard during the protest at Parliament Square in London. SIPA USA / PA Images
SIPA USA / PA Images / PA Images
Even Taoiseach Leo Varadkar has had to concede he was “not proud of Ireland’s performance on climate…as far as I am concerned, we are a laggard”.
At what cost?
Apart from constant lobbying by commercial and agri-industrial groups, another reason politicians have run scared of climate action is that the issue is consistently framed in the Irish media in terms of the cost of tackling climate change. However, international studies have shown repeatedly that the price of inaction far outweighs the costs of addressing the crisis.
It is estimated that the cost of the coronavirus to the global economy is in the range of $2–$4 trillion this year. A 2018 report calculated that failure to rein in climate change would deliver a devastating $34 trillion hit to the global economy – many times greater than the economic chaos arising from the pandemic.
Other estimates are even less sanguine. An Australian study published in 2019 argues that ‘climate change represents a near to mid-term existential threat to human civilisation’.
Should global temperatures reach 3C over pre-industrial by mid-century, ‘the scale of destruction is beyond our capacity to model, with a high likelihood of human civilisation coming to an end’, the report warns.
So, the next time someone asks if we can ‘afford’ to tackle climate change, a better question might instead be: what price isn’t worth paying to avoid the collapse of civilisation?
John Gibbons is an environmental writer and commentator who specialises in covering the climate and biodiversity emergency. He is a contributor to The Irish Times, The Guardian and DeSmog.uk and is a regular guest environmental commentator on broadcast media. He blogs at Thinkorswim.ie and also runs the website Climatechange.ie and is on Twitter: @think_or_swim.
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How about you park these scare mongering articles for a better time. People have enough to be worrying about with a deadly virus doing the rounds, lockdown and an impending global depression.
@ÓDuibhír Abú: Tease them out? You make out like this is the first ever article about climate change. The world is fully aware of global warming and what it will bring.
My point is people have enough to be worrying about over the next few months.
@Craig Mahon: Burying your head in the sand and hoping difficulties go away. Is that how you deal with your problems? Please demonstrate with supporting evidence examples of how well that works out.
@SteoG: who’s burying their head?
I made a point of laying of the scare articles as people have enough to be worried about. Loved one dying, not seeing family, business failing, losing jobs, etc.
Do you think global warming is going to sorted in the next 8 weeks?
Maybe the journal can give us an article on how we will all end up dying of cancer or some other horrid disease, to cheer us all up.
@Craig Mahon: the earth doesn’t care about a human pandemic , it’s going to do its own thing when it heats up too much . It’s not something we can “park” until we’re ready to deal with it.
He forgot to mention the high probability of an asteroid impact in the next 30 years. And what about the Yellowstone park super volcano…? Let’s get it all out there…. :-)
@Craig Mahon: So we just handle climate change at the last minute like we did the pandemic? That’s just not going to work. The lesson here is that global level events like this can and do happen – and quite often. Hopefully a decent percentage of us will have the foresight to act well in advance of it being too late.
@Craig Mahon: This in fact seems like a very good time. For many, the rat race has been (temporarily) suspended, people have more time to think and reflect, to consider the future, and also to consider just how fragile life really is, and how quickly things can deteriorate. We’ve also seen evidence of nature starting to slowly recover, with fewer humans out and about, fewer cars, planes, cleaner air, quieter streets, etc. With that in mind, I think it’s a great time to take a long, hard look at the wider climate issue so we don’t just stumble out of the coronavirus frying pan and into the climate fire
@Craig Mahon: The word is a scary place. Maybe you need to realise that. I give you credit for your empathy for other people. It is an informative piece not a scare article. You could have scrolled on by. The fact is that everyone needs to realise that we cannot continue to treat the ecosystem with the same contempt. Time to wake up.
@Craig Mahon: This ‘scare article’ is actually full of facts about how little time we have.
It’s like saying, let’s not look at the meteor hurtling at earth that is going to wipe us out, very soon because, well, it upsets you.
Is that what your saying ?
2030 is 10 years from now, and we don’t have time NOT to talk about the system change needed 20 , 30 or 40 years ago.
Great article, John. Keep shouting from the rooftops.
@John Gibbons: the carbon budget of the next generation is precious and any attempt at bailing out airlines should be strongly fought against by the public.
We need to be the lobbyists, now ensuring they don’t give them any taxpayers money.
We have one change to retrofit the system before it is rebooted. We need really strong leadership right now, globally.
We live I hope.
@Craig Mahon: The best thing to do is look at the news once weekly – you’ll find out all you need to know without a constant stream of negative and stressful information.
@Craig Mahon: Because they’re inextricably connected and climate change is the senior of the two. You’re just whistling past the graveyard if climate change isn’t addressed. You want more pandemics? Keep letting the permafrost and ice melt where ancient infectious microorganisms, now dormant, become active. The very cause of climate change, rapacious destruction of the planet to prop of the capitalism Ponzi scheme that demands infinite growth at the cost of all life, is the reason for this pandemic and will the reason for others until nothing remains.
@JB: A cursory search of the Internet has reports of worldwide drops in CO2 output. No point in saying things that are untrue when it’s trivial to discount your claims.
@JB: Or rather how much is actually caused by industry and not individual car owners. There was that cruise ship company that was revealed recently to be outputting the same about of pollution at every car in the EU, from their fleet of a dozen ships.
@JB: what’s your source for that, I want to believe you am not a believe in man made climate change I just think Mother Nature is doing it all in its own
@Conall: You obviously did not search enough, from the worldwide acknowledged source of CO2 data Mauna Loa in Hawaii https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/
CO2 levels for March 2020 have increased by 3ppm over March 2019
It’s frustrating to see new cases arise even though we mostly all have been staying inside for 7 weeks, but we know we’re getting there slowly…but to be honest it MORE than frustrating to listen to reports that ‘climate change’ keeps getting worse after 20 years of making changes and paying taxes….will these sacrifices really work?…I really have my doubts that human kind have the ability to fix our climate
@Conall: The point, though, if we (humans) are destroying the climate, and we are so so much more “green” then we used to be (compare to 20 years ago)…why oh why is climate change getting continually worse according to the scientists and at a rate that is worse than predicted?…at least with the pandemic we can see it is getting better, the science is helping?…perhaps the science is wrong/inaccurate and we (the public) are peeing against the wind with our ‘sacrifices’
@Spartacus Ireland: Because of uncontrolled population rises, because of the increasing use of planes and ships due to more people getting out of poverty, half a billion in China rising from poverty, India population explosion and use of Australian coal, because of America not caring, because of peoples need for crap from China, because of the destruction of Carbon sinks like the the Amazon and great barrier reef, even our bogs.
@TheHeathen: Grand so they are the problems that need fixing…average Joe and Jane paying taxes won’t fix those problems, my point exactly, can’t be the average Joe and Jane that’s responsible for worsening of climate change cause we’ve already adjusted much and it just keeps getting worse
@TheHeathen: Besides, that list is so bloody long you might as well say ‘everything’ is causing climate change, so the solution ‘give up everything’s, live in a cabe…bet climate change would still happened faster than predicted, still don’t have the real answers
@TheHeathen: I appreciate that but the question really is ‘What evidence do we have after 20 years of green adjustments (by everyday people – and we have changed a lot!!!) that the adjustments are working?’…with the pandemic we can see some evidence it is working, slowly, but with climate change we’re only ever told it’s getting much much worse
@Spartacus Ireland: “20 years of making changes and paying taxes”. Sadly a lot of those taxes have gone into government spending that reverses the impact of changes we make in our lives. Building big motorways with housing estates either side, more airport terminals, buying more diesel buses, paying farmers to do the wrong thing.
And tragic thing is that we are seeing the start of it too, mass migration, drought so bad that some areas of the will be uhhabitable, exterme weather events, food shortages etc…. It will end being like the cut of a thousand knives.
@Conchuir O Maolchallann: There has always been mass migration, extreme weather events (in fact more more peoole died in extreme weather events a hundred years ago when global population was a fraction) and food shortages so what are you on about
The fact that the world population increases by 153000 every day never gets a mention. Why? – this has to be a fundamental reason for earth being destroyed
@Thomas Sheridan: The population of Africa will double within 50 years. There are millions of starving people in Africa, and their solution to this is to have more children born into poverty and starvation. These people need education and contraception.
@Damien: no, it’s not their solution. Birth rates are always higher in countries with higher levels of poverty. That’s been the case in every country. Including our own. Economic development leads to lower birth rates.
@Gerard Heery: that is exactly what the elite super rich and power hungry politicians have been saying for years. Climate change, planned parenthood, abortion ,vaccinations with toxic metals, chemtrails and water laced with fluride aka used in stalins goulags to make the inmates docile. Now you see the drugged up slaves in ireland incapable of understanding the objective of the propaganda machines of the elite selling us lies, each one bigger than the next. Prepare for the one world digital currency and cue up to get chipped.
@Thomas McGrath: who is organising all these things? Is there a secret committee of the worlds richest people who meet regularly to figure out how they can get richer and make slaves of all the people.
Why would All world governments go along with it. What’s in it for them?
Why would the majority of the worlds science community go along with it. What’s in it for them? Why would the worlds main stream media go along with this plan, what’s in it for them?
@Thomas McGrath: I presume that’s a sarcastic parody of the idiots who post this kid of rubbish. If not I would you seek help for your delusions and addiction to conspiracy theories. Surely no thinking individual could believe that amount of bulsh%t except maybe Gemma
Well written article with good evidence behind it, cheers John Gibbons. As some comments suggest above, it’s disappointing that this coronavirus period will only result in a 6% reduction this year, when 7% a year is needed but it puts how much effort is needed into perspective. People can joke about solutions or whinge about it being bad news in an already bad time but this coronavirus time has shown that dramatic changes can be made at the drop of a hat for something that has caused less deaths than air and water pollution contributes to. So it’s a choice of joking to deflect, saying its upsetting, saying its too hard and belittling well researched articles or actually making an individual effort
@JC O’Connachain: You can write all the articles in the world but while all the calls for change are directed at normal everyday people and the solutions are taxes then I call foul. The most pollutant forms of transport by a country mile is shipping especially pleasure cruising as it is completely unnescessary. 300 cruise ships in the world burning 80000 gallons of heavy fuel oil a day. Heavy fuel oil is 3500 times more carbon pollutant than diesel do the maths and you will figure out that if you average out at 50 litres a week for a family car that the 1 cruise ship in a day puts out more carbon than the entire Irish car driver fleet does in 2 weeks.Mulitiply that by 300 then add in oil tankers cargo ships large fishing vessels research vessels. Cars, home heating only a drop in the ocean
@Michael McGrath: Fully agree, the worst offenders and biggest polluters need to be pressured to cover their impact, rather than solely asking individuals to be responsible. Equally though, I’m not going to give up personal efforts or mindset just because corporations or developing countries aren’t making the same effort. Throwing in the towel individually cause someone over there isn’t doing it is a weak response. I agree with your point and with keeping a drive at it make sense cause governments clearly won’t do this if left to themselves
@JC O’Connachain: It will never happen too many lobbyists, too many people with personal business interests in govts all you have to do is scratch the surface of our own to see all the conflicts of interest you can have all the best intentions in the world but money trumps all. Look at the U.S China and India between the 3 of them almost 60% of the worlds carbon output and they have not one notion of changing in fact the latter 2 are getting worse the more modern they become. Putting taxes on nescessities here without viable alternatives is a money grab and all its going to do is put people already under pressure to get the money to heat their homes like O.A.Ps further into poverty. Its actually depressing the horse manure we have to swallow under the guise of “climate action”
@Michael McGrath: Again, I agree with your stats and the fact numerous people, corporations and countries are doing considerable damage. I agree that taxing the average person while the above get away is a wasted approach. But what is the difference between the attitude of a realist who has lost their fight and caring and the attitude of a polluting corporation or country? Same end result, both have given up / don’t care. They will be happy to encourage people like you to give up. Call me the deluded optimist but its a lost cause, I’d rather have made my effort than sat on the sidelines saying I told you so
@Badger the witness: potentially yes could be catastrophic for us all however the authors timing and using the current crisis is cynical. Reminds me of a corporate marketing department latching on to me too.
We live on a planet within millions of galaxies that’s the least volatile to support human life.this planet revolves around the sun which is a star that’s growing bigger and bigger and will eventually engulf this world into a fireball.
But hey you keep the scare mongering going about climate change,what a silly article
We don’t need to wait that long all it takes is a coronal mass ejection to destroy our communications and electricity. There’s a 35% probability that the earth will endure a Carrington type even within the next 5 years .Even allowing for that sun is capable of a lot worse in the short term .
This pandemic is nothing, Looks to me like the greens are loving the way things are at the moment.
These people make a living from spouting their fear mongering rubbish.
Their only solution then is tax,tax tax . Tax everyone and ordinary workers into poverty.
I don’t find the content of this article as depressing as the fatalist and denialist comments below it. We know what needs to be done, and the consequences of failing to act. Trying to shut down the conversation won’t make the problem go away.
The heading of this Article is pure Scaremongering, Again, I enquire,- Why are we supposed to be World Leaders in Climate Change. We are but a Speck in the. Ocean. The Rain Forests are not being felled here, Brazil and other South American Countries is where that problem lies- , and are they going to change? China, India, United States ? , are they going to change?. Yes we need to tidy up, stop rubbishing everywhere, Recycling can be improved greatly yet, but this Scaremongering and Ranting by The Greens is pure Bulls…. . Since the Planes stopped streaking down the Skies emissions have decreased, nobody wanted to hear about them before this, and apparently, there is NO tax on the Fuel they use.
So what’s the answer?
Climate change is happening. We adapt.
Would be and present governments propose drastic measures which will have far reaching consequences on all of us while they travel globally to conventions in transport that emit the pollutants that they tax us for.
Seems a bit hypocritical
instead of telling us how bad it’s going to be maybe the scientists could give us some real life solutions. every time I go looking for alternatives they either dont work or are crazily expensive. eg my oil heating system would cost 4 times as much to install and be more expensive to run in an old house if replaced with air to water.
Industrial farming is killing the planet-chopping down rainforest and other fertile land to grow grain and plundering the seas to make fishmeal to feed billions of chickens, cows and pigs which are kept in horrific confined conditions, just so we can all eat meat every day of our lives. Those mono cultures are also making the land infertile, so they requires millions of tons of fertiliser and pesticides just to produce animal feed, both of which are making the land and water around them toxic and causing respiratory problems for those who are exposed to them, not to mention leading plenty of species to extinction. We all need to cut down our meat and dairy consumption and switch to pasture farming but will that happen? Probably not! We are too used to getting what we want, at any expense.
@: A contrary view?: pasted from above, but just wonder if you are willing to think for yourself and not just ‘believe’ what scientists tell you [they are just a community of knowledge]?…is the science for climate change as verifiable as corona?…or are we over-relying on “consensus”…can your open your mind to the contrary viewpoint like good science demands?:
“If we (humans) are destroying the climate, and we are so so much more “green” then we used to be (compare to 20 years ago)…why oh why is climate change getting continually worse according to the scientists and at a rate that is worse than predicted?…at least with the pandemic we can see it is getting better, the science is helping?…perhaps the science is wrong/inaccurate and we (the public) are peeing against the wind with our ‘sacrifices’”
@: There is no consensus. Everybody knows the climate is changing (unlike what the “denier” label disingenuously claims), the point is about what can we do about it? Right now European countries are doing more than most, taxing the hell out of their people. Meanwhile developing countries ignore environmental issues so people can actually have electricity in their homes. We can’t stop that.
As for it not being a “debate”, just look at the redemption of CO2 in recent years. We’re finding out more about the climate all the time. There is a debate, it’s just not going on in the news headlines. It’s very easy to find however. The problem is it’s become a politicized issue, so people have planted their flag on one side or the other without knowing there’s even a debate, bolstered by no-nothing politicians doing the same.
For example, what if it turns out the sun is the overwhelming driver of climate change on Earth? Seems pretty likely, but barely gets a mention in articles that promote citizens paying more (money and freedom) for so-called “green” programmes.
Climate change is a natural occurrence that has being hijacked to introduce new taxes by populist idiots calling themselves green. A mirror image of priests predicting that God caused famine, pestilence and disease. Instead of offering prayers now it’s hard cash to create government revenue.
Let’s look at the last 11 years of carbon taxes. Over 3 billion raised and we still are going to miss 2020 impossible targets. Not only that, the quango SEAI has being found to be useless not setting any targets or reducing home hearing costs. https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/half-of-the-homes-in-retrofit-plan-no-better-off-despite-cost-39166389.html.
I think it’s great people are asking questions but why not ask real questions. Will we get a carbon tax rebate this year? That’s a question we can all answer.
When I see or hear the words climate change I think of poor people being fleeced by lazy Governments introducing taxes instead of incentives and alternatives. Poor people are being blamed for climate change and it’s not their fault. Eamon and the Green parties plight is admirable and has the best of intentions but it is doomed to fail because it’s the same ol scutter,
Carbon taxes, carbon taxes, more carbon taxes like Chinese water torture driving more people into poverty. This country is riddled with poverty and families on the bread line with children going to school hungry, Families that are being spat at by the middle class and working class because the government has you brainwashed into thinking that families living on welfare are bleeding the country dry. More taxes wont help
What planet earth needs to combat the human race is a good old flu virus, one which is viriliant to all present forms of medication and has no vaccine In sight. Throw in a mix of incompetent world leaders such as Trump and Johnson to let the virus run riot and hey presto. Lovely jubbly
“However, in the last five decades, largely freed from the threat of predators, large and small…” Ah, yes, 50 years ago – how easily we forget – fighting off the dinosaurs and the mammoths as we made our way (never by car, of course) to the local national school.
Typical of the greens, jump on every bandwagon to push their points. It does not matter if it is valid or not.
Now is not the time for this.
Not the first or the last they will do this.
Worse it is counter productive, people think they are crying wolf AGAIN.
Close everything become vegan, live in yurts, it all joins together, so that people tune out to it.
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Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns.
Measure content performance 61 partners can use this purpose
Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you.
Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources 74 partners can use this purpose
Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents).
Develop and improve services 83 partners can use this purpose
Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers.
Use limited data to select content 37 partners can use this purpose
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type, or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
Use precise geolocation data 46 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500 metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification 27 partners can use this special feature
With your acceptance, certain characteristics specific to your device might be requested and used to distinguish it from other devices (such as the installed fonts or plugins, the resolution of your screen) in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Ensure security, prevent and detect fraud, and fix errors 92 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
Deliver and present advertising and content 99 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
Match and combine data from other data sources 72 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
Link different devices 53 partners can use this feature
Always Active
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices).
Identify devices based on information transmitted automatically 88 partners can use this feature
Always Active
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice.
Save and communicate privacy choices 69 partners can use this special purpose
Always Active
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals (such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this service and those entities to respect such choices.
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