THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION delivered a gut punch to America’s closest allies yesterday, imposing tariffs on steel and aluminium from Europe, Mexico and Canada in a move that drew immediate vows of retaliation.

Stock prices slumped amid fears of a trade war, with the Dow Jones industrial average falling nearly 252 points, or 1%, to 24,415.84.

The import duties threaten to drive up prices for American consumers and companies and are likely to heighten uncertainty for businesses and investors around the globe.

Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross said the tariffs – 25% on imported steel, 10% on aluminium – would take effect today.

President Donald Trump had originally imposed the tariffs in March, saying a reliance on imported metals threatened national security. But he exempted Canada, Mexico and the European Union to buy time for negotiations – a reprieve that was set to expire at midnight last night.

Other countries, including Japan, America’s closest ally in Asia, are already paying the tariffs.

The administration’s actions drew fire from Europe, Canada and Mexico and promises to quickly retaliate against US exports.

“This is protectionism, pure and simple,” said Jean-Claude Juncker, president of the European Commission.

French President Emmanuel Macron called the US decision to levy tariffs on the European Union “illegal” and a “mistake”.

He ominously recalled the pre-World War II period saying, “Economic nationalism leads to war. This is exactly what happened in the 1930s”.

Threatened counterpunch

The EU earlier threatened to counterpunch by targeting US products, including Kentucky bourbon, blue jeans and motorcycles.

David O’Sullivan, the EU’s ambassador in Washington, said the retaliation will probably be announced in late June.

Mexico complained that the tariffs will “distort international trade” and said it will penalise US imports including pork, apples, grapes, cheeses and flat steel.

In Canada, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said: “These tariffs are totally unacceptable.”

Canada announced plans to slap tariffs on $12.8 billion worth of US products, ranging from steel to yogurt and toilet paper.

“Canada is a secure supplier of aluminium and steel to the US defence industry, putting aluminium in American planes and steel in American tanks,” Trudeau said.

That Canada could be considered a national security threat to the United States is inconceivable.

Trump had campaigned for president on a promise to crack down on trading partners that he said exploited poorly negotiated trade agreements to run up big trade surpluses with the US.

The US tariffs coincide with – and could complicate – the Trump administration’s separate fight over Beijing’s strong-arm tactics to overtake US technological supremacy.

Ross is leaving today for Beijing for talks aimed at preventing a trade war with China.

Tariffs

The world’s two biggest economies have threatened to impose tariffs on up to $200 billion worth of each other’s products.

The steel and aluminium tariffs could also complicate the administration’s efforts to renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico, a pact that Trump has condemned as a job-killing “disaster”.

The White House released a statement from Trump Thursday night saying of NAFTA:

Earlier today, this message was conveyed to Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada: The United State (sic) will agree to a fair deal, or there will be no deal at all.

Trump had offered the two US neighbours a permanent exemption from the steel and aluminium tariffs if they agreed to US demands on NAFTA. But the NAFTA talks stalled.

Ross said there was “no longer a very precise date when they may be concluded”, and that as a result, Canada and Mexico were added to the list of countries hit with tariffs.

Likewise, the Trump trade team sought to use the tariff threat to pressure Europe into reducing barriers to US products. But the two sides could not reach an agreement.

The import duties will give a boost to American makers of steel and aluminium by making foreign metals more expensive. But companies in the US that use imported steel will face higher costs.

And the tariffs will allow domestic steel and aluminium producers to raise prices, squeezing companies – from automakers to can producers – that buy those metals.

House Speaker Paul Ryan and several leading Republicans in Congress were critical of the administration’s tariff action. Ryan said there are better ways to help American workers and consumers and that he plans to work with Trump on “those better options.”

Prices started rising even before all the tariffs kicked in. Stripmatic Products, an auto parts supplier in Cleveland, has seen a 40% increase in the price of steel.

The higher cost meant it lost out this year to a Chinese company on a contract to branch out into a new market: making food-processing equipment.

Critics

Critics say the steel and aluminium tariffs would do little to address the real problem plaguing metals producers around the world: massive overproduction by China that has flooded world aluminium and steel markets.

Canada, a staunch US ally, is the largest supplier of steel and aluminium to the United States.

“The administration’s trade remedies should specifically target structural aluminium overcapacity in China, which is caused by rampant, illegal government subsidies,” said Heidi Brock, president of the Aluminum Association, which represents aluminium producers, fabricators, recyclers and suppliers.

Ross said negotiations with Mexico, Canada and the EU can continue even once the tariffs are in place.

But Philip Levy, senior fellow at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs and a former White House trade adviser, said:

I don’t think this is prelude to a series of deals. If anything, this kills the possibility of deals.

If the US can impose tariffs any time it declares imports a threat to national security, Levy asked, “Why would anyone want to negotiate with us?”