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ON EASTER MONDAY one hundred years ago, a group of around 150 people stormed the GPO just after 12 noon.
Minutes later, the Proclamation was read out to the passing crowd on Dublin’s Sackville Street – also known as O’Connell Street – publicly marking the beginning of the Easter Rising.
To mark the centenary, TheJournal.ie is documenting the events of the Rising as they happened. Every day this week, you can follow what happened during one of the defining events of Ireland’s history, from the moment the rebels started assembling outside Liberty Hall on Easter Monday to the surrender on the following Saturday. You can see all our sources here.
As ever, we want to hear from you. Let us know your thoughts in the comments below, tweet us @thejournal_ie, send a mail to news@thejournal.ie or send a telegram to The Journal, Golden Lane, Dublin 8.
Morning everyone, and thanks for joining us. It’s Christine Bohan here on liveblog duty.
On an exceptionally mild and sunny day across Dublin, there is some confusion this morning among the groups which had been planning to begin a rebellion in the city yesterday.
Eoin MacNeill, the head of the Irish Volunteers, placed an order in the Sunday Independent yesterday appearing to call off the marches which had been planned for Sunday.
The order has left many of the other leaders baffled. The Military Council – made up of Pádraig Pearse, Thomas Clarke, Seán MacDiarmada, Joseph Plunkett, Éamonn Ceannt, James Connolly and Thomas MacDonagh – met in Liberty Hall yesterday to decide what to do.
Reports suggest that they have made the decision to go ahead with the planned rebellion – but to start it at noon today instead. The postponement will give time for couriers to go around the country informing the Volunteers that the Rising is going ahead – despite the message in the Sunday Independent.
That wasn’t the only bad news in Sunday Independent, by the way: it also contained a reference to the arrest of Roger Casement in Kerry, and news of the accidental drowning of three men on their way to set up a transmitter for signaling to the gun-running boat The Aud.
Members of the Irish Volunteers wearing their uniforms have been spotted gathering around Blackhall Place.
Reports are saying there are around 250 men in total at the scene. A bystander tells us that the commandant in charge has asked any man present who does not agree with the opinions of the Supreme Council of the Irish Republic to return home. No man has left the rank, according to the witness.
Members of the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army have now begun assembling outside Liberty Hall, the home of the ITGWU trade union and the headquarters of the Irish Citizen Army.
According to some estimates there are 1,250 volunteers mobilising around Dublin right now, but it is unclear exactly what is happening or what they are planning.
More Volunteers have been seen moving down towards the Grand Canal on Dublin’s southside. They appear to be participating in a march.
BREAKING: A group of around 40 rebels led by Michael Mallin have just run into Stephen’s Green and ordered the people inside the park to leave.
Several shots have been fired into the air to move the members of the public out of the park, where they were enjoying the bank holiday weather. There are reports that a number of British soldiers who were in the park have been taken prisoner.
The rebels have established a barricade at the entrance to Stephen’s Green using park benches and nearby carts. They are currently setting up a position inside and have begun digging trenches.
WG Smith, a St. John’s Ambulance volunteer who was passing Stephen’s Green just before it was evacuated a few minutes ago, says that the rebels look very young. He describes them as “mere boys, with only about one in ten a man”.
BREAKING: A group of approximately 120 rebels has stormed the Four Courts on the quays, a short distance from Sackville Street.
They have also taken nearby buildings in North Brunswick Street and Church Street, including Father Mathew Hall and a pub called Reilly’s.
Rebels have just taken control of the South Dublin Union, a huge poorhouse and hospital close to James’s Street where around 3,000 people live. It appears the people living in the poorhouse have not been evacuated, but are trapped inside.
In the last few minutes, rebels appear to have taken control of Jacob’s biscuit factory on Bishop Street, beside Aungier Street.
They are also reported to have occupied Boland’s Mills and Bakery on Grand Canal Dock and the Jameson Distillery on Marrowbone Lane, as well as houses at 25 Northumberland Road and Clanwilliam House.
BREAKING: A policeman has been shot dead outside Dublin Castle, the administrative centre of British rule in Ireland.
The man, who was the sole guard at the Castle gate, was killed by a group from the Irish Citizen Army, led by Seán Connolly, as they tried to gain entry to the Castle.
BREAKING: The General Post Office has been seized by rebels, and staff and customers have been forcibly removed from the building.
It is reported that the group of around 150 rebels had marched from Liberty Hall down to Sackville Street. When they arrived in front of the Imperial Hotel, James Connolly ordered the group to charge on the GPO – much to the surprise of bystanders, who had thought that it was a routine march.
Many of the people in the GPO – both staff and customers – were similarly surprised and it has taken several minutes to force them all to leave.
Further groups of rebels have been dispatched to the Imperial Hotel, Clery’s, and other buildings along Sackville Street (also known as O’Connell Street).
A very rowdy crowd of women are banging against the main gate of the Jameson’s Distillery on Marrowbone Lane in protest against the rebels inside who have beaten up the caretaker of the building as they were occupying it.
One of the rebels has been shot dead as he tried to climb through a window to get into the barricaded GPO. The shot is believed to have been fired by a British officer from a window in the nearby Metropole Hotel.
Volunteers have attacked the British Army’s magazine fort in the Phoenix Park, where army weapons are stored. The rebels were reportedly disguised as footballers heading to the nearby green for a match.
The attack has failed – but the son of the Fort’s commandant has been killed. He was chased down and shot on his front doorstep as he tried to get inside.
The rebels managed to seize some guns and ammunition from the magazine fort.
We are receiving reports that a 29-year-old policeman from the Dublin Metropolitan Police called Michael Lahiff has been shot dead at Stephen’s Green.
Lahiff had tried to approach the closed gates of Stephen’s Green and climb over and was warned by the rebels to leave the area. He continued to try to force the gates – and was shot dead a few minutes ago after one of the rebels fired at him twice.
Some reports say that it was Constance Markievicz who fired at Lahiff but there are no witnesses to back this up.
This didn’t take long: the British have begun responding to what’s happening around Dublin city.
A patrol from the British Army has been dispatched to Sackville Street, while three battalions of the Dublin garrison have been sent to defend Dublin Castle. There has also been a request for the cavalry at the Curragh barracks to be sent to Dublin.
The rebels have now seized the Mendicity Institute on Dublin’s south quays, one of Dublin’s oldest charities which aims to alleviate poverty. All of its homeless inhabitants have been turfed out into the street at gunpoint.
British reinforcements have been sent to defend the magazine fort in the Phoenix Park, after rebels managed to gain access and take some weapons earlier, and the Viceregal Lodge which holds the King’s official representative in Ireland.
One of the leaders of the rebels, Pádraig Pearse, who is a teacher and a barrister, has appeared outside the GPO and is reading out a document called the Proclamation of the Irish Republic.
Pearse is declaring “the right of the people of Ireland to the ownership of Ireland.” He says that the “Irish Republic is a Sovereign Independent State” and claims “the allegiance of every Irishman and Irishwoman.”
Pearse says that the rebels have established a provisional government.
As he finishes reading, James Connolly, who is another one of the seven men who signed the document, shakes his hand in front of the crowd and says: “Thanks be to God, Pearse, that we have lived to see this day.”
Copies of the Proclamation have been stuck up around the GPO using post office stamps.
The reaction to the reading of the Proclamation is mixed. There’s bemusement from some of the people on the street, but others have started throwing stones at the rebels and hurling verbal abuse.
Volunteers led by Liam Mellows have begun to gather in a number of areas scattered around Galway.
Our reporter at the scene tells us that the rebels have raised two flags above the GPO: the tricolour and a green flag with the words Irish Republic over a gold harp.
There is also third flag flying across the road over the Imperial Hotel, showing a starry plough.
We’re told the tricolour was chosen for its symbolism. The green represents the Gaelic tradition of Ireland, the orange represents the followers of William of Orange in Ireland, and the white represents the aspiration for peace between them. It was introduced in 1848 by the independence movement, the Irish Confederation, and was first flown by Thomas Francis Meagher in Waterford in that year.
Constance Markievicz has been seen at Stephen’s Green, armed with a gun. She is co-commander of the rebels there, along with Michael Mallin.
Volunteers have seized buildings around Fumbally Lane and Malpas Street, close to St Patrick’s Cathedral.
The rebels have now taken a number of key buildings around Dublin city centre.
As well as taking control of buildings, rebels are securing control of bridges around the city, including O’Connell Bridge, possibly in a bid to control the main routes in and out of the city.
Annesley Bridge between Fairview and North Strand has been taken by the rebels in the last few minutes.
There are bloody scenes outside the GPO right now.
A number of soldiers in the British cavalry attempted to retake the GPO by charging down Sackville Street – but they weren’t successful. Three British lancers have been killed at the scene after being shot by the rebels, and another is so badly wounded that it seems unlikely that he will survive.
The dead soldiers and a number of dead and wounded horses have been left lying in the street for now.
The rebels, led by Seán Connolly, have retreated from Dublin Castle. They seem to have met a stronger resistance than they expected, even given the fact that many of the British soldiers are off at the Fairyhouse races today.
The rebels have instead decided to occupy City Hall next door, and the Daily Express and Evening Mail building across the road.
This map shows some of the buildings held by the rebels as of now:
Rebels have taken control of Harcourt Railway Station, the only major transport terminal in the city that they have managed to seize so far.
The rebels attempted to block the lines with locomotive trains but the station’s signal man locked himself inside the signal box and blocked all the points.
There is tragic news coming in from near the Four Courts: A two year old boy has died after he was shot in the crossfire on Church Street just before noon.
The boy has been named as John Francis Foster from Manor Place in Stoneybatter, and he was shot in his pram as he was being wheeled along by his mother, Catherine Foster.
The firing in the area broke out after British soldiers on horseback were ambushed by the rebels at the Four Courts. There is no word yet on the other injuries, although it appears there are wounded men and horses lying in the street.
There is intense gunfire around City Hall between the rebels, who are on the roof, and the soldiers who are on the streets around it. If you’re in the area take extreme care and stay indoors, if possible.
BREAKING: Seán Connolly has become the first casualty on the rebel side after being shot and killed while trying to raise the rebel flag over City Hall.
Connolly was an actor and singer and had led the group of rebels who had tried to storm Dublin Castle before retreating to City Hall.
Dr Kathleen Lynn, the chief medical officer among the rebels at City Hall, attempted to treat him but his injuries were too severe.
A second policeman has been shot just outside St Stephen’s Green.
So far six policemen have been shot, two of them fatally.
The insurgents appear to be armed with an assortment of rifles and revolvers. They don’t seem to have any heavy equipment, although it appears they have home-made bombs or ‘rifle-cans’.
The rebels have also been making use of any equipment that they find. This photo from the Four Courts shows the rebels using furniture as a barricade at one of the entrances:
The GPO has become something of a magnet for many of the Volunteers who were looking for somewhere to go. The original number of 150 has grown steadily over the past few hours since this all started and it is now the biggest concentration of rebels anywhere in the city.
It’s not just the rebels who have joined the fight, though: two seamen, one from Sweden and one from Finland, who had just arrived in Dublin with their ships have turned up at the GPO and taken up arms.
Neither of the two speak much English, but they have reportedly communicated to the rebels that they wanted to take up a cause which they believed in. They compared Ireland’s situation with Britain to the way that their own countries are governed by the Russian empire.
A company of British soldiers from the Royal Irish Regiment, many of whom had just arrived back from action in France, have been ambushed by a group of rebels at the South Dublin Union near James’s Street as they marched towards Dublin Castle.
It briefly looked as though the British soldiers had gained the upper hand in the battle at the South Dublin Union, but they have been stopped by gunfire from the nearby rebels in Jameson’s distillery.
Vicious running battles are taking place in the hospital wards at the South Dublin Union, with staff and patients caught in the middle.
As the number of casualties grows around the city, Dublin Fire Brigade is working hard to cope with the volume of injuries and fatalities.
The majority of those being picked up by the DFB ambulance are being treated for gunshot wounds and are being taken to nearby hospitals.
Three hours after this uprising began, here’s everything we know so far:
Pádraig Pearse has issued an order than no unarmed men, even in uniform, are to be shot at, following an incident on Northumberland Road.
The elderly, unarmed Georgius Rex group of the Veteran Defence Force, also known by their nickname The Gorgeous Wrecks, have marched into a rebel ambush on Northumberland Road. Four were killed and several were wounded by snipers in surrounding buildings.
The group were attempting to get back to their barracks in Beggar’s Bush after exercises in the Wicklow hills.
Speaking of Pádraig Pearse: he has requested a priest to come to the GPO to hear the confessions of the men there.
Here is the note that he sent from the GPO to the nearby church on Marlborough Street:
The note reads:
Please send a priest to the GPO to remain an hour or two and hear the confessions of some men.
Signed P.H. Pearse
Commandant-General
Looting has begun around the city in response to the apparent lack of law and order.
It appears looters are taking luxury items and baked goods such as cakes and biscuits.
A nurse working at the South Dublin Union has become the first civilian casualty of the Rising, as the heavy fighting there continues just off James’s Street.
Margaret Keogh, who worked at the hospital with some of the poorest people in the city, had stayed at work after the rebels occupied some of the buildings. There are conflicting reports of how she died, but one report suggests that she was killed by a British soldier as she treated an injured Volunteer.
After initially being slow to react, the British Army now appears to have engaged most of the positions occupied by the rebels across Dublin city centre.
Thousands of army men have arrived in the city by train over the last few hours, despite attempts by rebels to block the lines.
Dubliners are being warned to avoid the streets of the city centre as gun battles are taking place near City Hall, the South Dublin Union, Stephen’s Green and the GPO.
Here’s what we know so far about some of the buildings which are being occupied:
First battalion: Commandant Edward Daly is leading the rebels in the Four Courts. At 25 years of age, Daly is the youngest Commandant in the Rising. He works in a chemist shop.
Second battalion: Commandant Thomas McDonagh is leading the occupation of Jacob’s biscuit factory. McDonagh is a poet, a playwright, a teacher and one of the founding members of the ASTI.
Third battalion: Commandant Eamon de Valera is occupying Boland’s flour mills at the Grand Canal Dock and the railway line from Westland Row to Landsdowne Road. De Valera is a mathematics teacher.
Fourth Battalion: Commandant Éamonn Ceannt is occupying the South Dublin Union, close to James’s Street. Ceannt is an accountant for the Dublin Corporation.
Michael Mallin and Countess Markievicz are leading the occupation of St Stephen’s Green along with a group of Citizen Army men. Mallin is a silk weaver. Markievicz founded Fianna Éireann which teaches teenage boys and girls how to use firearms. She is also a suffragette.
We’re receiving reports of civilians standing near O’Connell Bridge to look at the unfolding battles between the rebels and British troops. Dubliners have been advised to stay indoors as they are putting themselves at risk.
Fighting is taking place on the Dublin-Kingstown railway line. Rebels have opened fire on a much larger detachment of the Veteran Defence Force.
We have been granted a look at the notebook of Joseph Plunkett, one of the men who signed today’s Proclamation and who is stationed inside the GPO. His notes for today:
It says:
Easter Monday 1916
GPO occupied in the name of the Republic shortly after noon (about 12.15pm). Republic proclaimed.
About one hour later a detachment of enemy lancers attempted to rush O’Connell Street. They were opposed at the Parnell Statue.
A small number (described as “about twenty”) succeeded in advancing as far as the GPO but on our opening fire they retired in confusion leaving a few casualties.
Simultaneously with our operation positions were successfully taken up in the front and rear of Dublin Castle and troops in that stronghold prevented from coming out.
We have received one of the first photographs of a member of the public reading the Proclamation today, shortly after it was read out by Pádraig Pearse at the GPO.
This photograph shows UCD academic Dr Edward McWeeny reading a copy of the document which he took from the railings of 86 St Stephen’s Green where it had been posted.
He brought the document to the garden at the back of the building where he had this photograph taken today by a local priest called Fr Sherwin.
Around 2,500 copies of the Proclamation were printed in secret at the printworks in Liberty Hall yesterday and distributed around the city.
This has been a brutal and bloody day.
As the fighting continues, this rebellion looks set to last for days – or possibly weeks.
A total of 55 people have been killed today, including 15 civilians. The total number of people who have died is:
British Armed Forces: 26
Civilians: 15
Rebels Forces: 11
Police: 3
Trains with British troops from the Curragh are now arriving in Dublin two or three times an hour, dramatically increasing the number of forces in the capital city.
As night begins to fall and bullet fire continues around Dublin city centre, we are going to take this opportunity to try to get home. We will resume this liveblog in the morning and will keep you up to date on all the happenings of this long-awaited but still unexpected Rebellion.
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So Fr PJ Hughes is right in his assumption that he is not breaking any laws by saying Mass.
@Dermot McL: he might not be breaking any laws, but it’s still criminal!
@Ann Neylan: what’s criminal is the hysteria around things like people going to church, I’m not religious but I see elderly people in my area who literally feel cut off from the world since covid and their only comfort is their faith….we basically locked the elderly away for a year like animals in nursing and their own homes, and now when we have actually got them all as good as vaccinated, someone telling me we can’t let them do social distancing church service??…the grey vote is an incredibly powerful thing in this country, and believe me they won’t forget this in a hurry especially in rural Ireland, the parties who stood behind this decision will ultimately pay for it whether they believe they were doing good or not
@Ann Neylan: https://www.noca.ie/documents/irish-national-icu-audit-annual-report-2018
With respect Ann, this too can then he seen as criminal. The state has failed it’s people with a sub standard health care system. The EU also pressed the Irish government to improve this. They refused. The people suffer. Close to criminal
Excellent work lads.
Doing what academics and experts should be doing.
See a fault in State response and challenge it.
A lot happy to sit back, not rock the boat and keep collecting pay cheques.
@Corby Trouser Press: eh… They are academics.
Hi Oran and David. Any idea the rationale as to why only 10 allowed in a church but a maximum 21 in a courtroom?
@David Hanly: Typically at religious services, everyone is singing, reciting hymns or saying prayers, this spreads the virus massively compared to a court room where only a couple of people are talking and most remain quite.
There’s many examples of superspreading events at choir practice and in churches (e.g. Korea). The following case, one infected singer infected 53 out of 61 singers, there were 3 deaths.
It is also easier to contact trace attendees at a court case compared to church goers, courts i imagine usually keep a reliable list of names and addresses of people in court.
Miller, S.L., et al., 2021. Transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event. Indoor air, 31(2), pp.314-323.
Korea:
Thank you Professors Doyle and Kenny for this. The intentional blurring of the law and advise has been a dangerous precedent to set.
A section of the community have come to this conclusion ages ago.
I’m not any way religious but the whole fiasco around people going to mass was death appallingly by those in charge, the sight of gardai in a church fining people really showed how messed up things have gotten, then the mixed messaging of no its not illegal and suddenly coming up to Easter it was illegal to gather for mass was just another pathetic episode from those in charge…..the government need to be careful here cos the last time they went rattling the grey vote it stirred a hornet’s nest, and taking away the ability of elderly who still believe in the church or anyone to to attend services, will come back to haunt certain parties….they need to get a grip cos the covid hysteria is going beyond logic now, between banning people going to mass or playing sports outside
In the midst of a worldwide pandemic that’s taking lives daily, should they really have to be told something so basic?
@Arch Angel: Is there anything to be said for another mass?
@Arch Angel:
What’s “basic” has been the Irish authorities approach.
Closing access pretty much hasn’t happened to such an extent as in Ireland.
Zero risk of transmission with mitigations in place.
Follow the science.
@Arch Angel: I find this argument funny but ill ask the question so, what’s the difference in say maybe 10 people going to a socially distanced mass where they will not be even within 2m of the other person and giving them some comfort, and a person going into a large factory with 200 people 5 days a week where you will be interacting with others for 8 hrs a day???…..while i understand we all have to use a bit of logic during covid, I find it funny how people just dismiss how sending large amounts of people into factories under the banner of it being essential work is anyway safer than 10 people or so being allowed into a church once a week
@Tarraing Mo Liathróidí: clearly it is safer in the mass situation, however, you said it yourself, essential work beats communal gatherings. I happen to agree with you in terms of distancing, etc. However, it all depends on how the state officially views mass and religion. Does religion hold a special legal definition or is it classed as a mass gathering, (no pun intended). If the state is serious about separating state and religion, then legally a mass is a gathering and falls under covid-19 restrictions. Ireland has never fully went one way or the other, but have side lined the issue again and again. I believe that there should be a legal separation of church and state, but until we have clearly defined laws and rules on the subject, it will always be up for debate.
@Arch Angel: You are right! The government should not have to be told to allow churches to open freely and without undo restrictions! If souls are leaving this world daily then they need to be spiritually prepared and comforted!
@David Stapleton:
There is no country with a more seperate relationship between Church and State then France.
And they will continue to allow attendance at services even now they are planning to close schools again for 3 weeks.
@Corby Trouser Press: yes, but they allow mass in the same way they allow other gatherings. Religion has no special place in the law, which is my point.
There is the law to tell us what we can and cannot do, legally. There is our intellect to steer us towards the sensible thing to do and then there are morals to steer us towards the ‘right’ thing to do. A society where we live by the whims of an interpretation of the legal system should be approached with caution.
Now, must go and put my hand in the fire of eternal damnation. There’s no law that says I can’t!!
@Bob Murray:
If anything it is immoral for the State to steer Mass goers away from an activity that has been proven to have almost zero risk in terms of Covid transmission.
Parishes have done all the heavy lifting ensuring that the services were Covid safe.
The thanks they have got has been for the State to put them on a par with a hobby or recreational activity.
Very few other authorities in Europe view religious worship as a hobby.
Closure of access to Church services has been very rare across Europe since reopening in Summer 2020.
It is immoral for people’s right to practice their faith to be taken away from them, in practical if not legal terms.
Ireland has been an outlier in this “closure”, as with a lot of other things.
@Corby Trouser Press:
I take the contrary view – this virus is particularly devastating to older people – it kills them – the age profile of mass goers is predominantly old – it would b foolish and risky to be encouraging them to congregate for mass during this pandemic – much much safer to encourage them to practice prayer at home and improv online masses – if they can get out for a walk to do so safely – but splitting hairs about legality is missing the point – th country is not trying to criminalise older people they are trying to protect them. Prayer should be a personal thing during these times – not something that you need to add risk to and put on display for others to see – the advice to older people is sensible in this context in my opinion
Gods law over rules man,s law, at all times.
@Laz Mahon: if you believe in the power of God or gods, then even Jesus himself said, “Render under Ceasar the things that are Ceasar’s and under God the things that are God’s”. To me that means a clear distinction between your God’s law and human law. The issue is the vague way in which the state has treated religion in regards to the state. If Ireland really has a separation of the two, then religious services can be considered communal gatherings, and therefore fall under the remit of current covid-19 laws. If religion is afforded a special status, i. e. there is no separation, then it doesn’t.
@Laz Mahon: The Pope is Christ’s vicar on earth, and he says act with your brain and don’t endanger your health or others.
I believe in beer, and wish to exercise my right to worship. I’m quite devout, so we’re talking 3 or 4 times a week here. Anyone know of any regular services in the North County Dublin area?
@Col de Gal: i have it good authority the main man is self isolating for 40 days at the mo and is zooming a last supper this week , drinks are off for good friday but he is expected to make a re appearance sometime after this weekend and i have invited him to a wedding we are planning in Cana – there will be plenty of wine sorted if you would like to come along to that .
So we have pick and choose enforcement, large ethnic gatherings
Somehow I should not have thought it necessary that legislation would be required for intending mass-goers to do what is right by their neighbours, if not themselves. But, since the arguments offered in so many places appear to be based on social, cultural, and even entertainment reasons (for which combination ‘religious’ is a shorthand) the legislation in fact does appear to apply.
Irrespective of the lack of *legal* clarity surrounding opening Catholic churches. The head of the Catholic Church, Pope Francis, has said all Catholics must adhere to public health guidelines, are we about to see another split in the RCC?
It’s amazing really, the parallels between Covid 19 control mechanisms and the penal laws ot the 16 & 17th centuries. When might is right and diabolical laws can be enacted and implemented and enforced in the name of the “common good”, r
Rest assured, democracy is and always will be the big loser.
We are most definitely on a slippery slope which needs to be stopped with utmost haste.
Whatever happened to St John More’s words¦ Your servant my lord, but God’s servant first!
Can I sum up the matter of attending religious services? :
+ It is not unlawful to attend
+ It is not criminal
+ It is not allowed.
It could be argued that Religious Services are both Cultural and Community events and thus are in breach of Section 31a of the 1947 Health Act.
That would be an ecumenical matter…….
have your say